While both groups with Conduct Disorder (CD) experienced more negative parenting than typically developing children, the study found a key distinction in how they compared to one another:

• Negative Parenting (The Commonality): Both the High CU (CD/HCU) and Low CU (CD/LCU) groups experienced similarly high levels of negative parenting. They did not differ significantly from each other in this category.

• Positive Parenting (The Difference): This was the "distinguishing factor". Children in the HCU group received significantly lower levels of positive parenting than those in the LCU group