Case Study

Effect of model expansion versus regularization on overfitting

Case context: You are training a classifier that achieves very low training error but performs poorly on validation data, which indicates high variance. A colleague suggests two separate changes: increasing the network from 3 hidden layers to 7 hidden layers, or adding weight decay to the current model.

Question: Using the bias-variance tradeoff, explain how each change is likely to affect bias and variance. Which option is better for the current problem?

Sample answer: Making the network larger usually lowers bias, but it can also raise variance, so it is not the best fix for a model that is already overfitting. Adding weight decay usually raises bias a little while lowering variance, which makes it the better choice for reducing overfitting.

Key points:

  • A larger network generally lowers bias but can increase variance.
  • Weight decay generally lowers variance but can increase bias.
  • For high variance, weight decay is the better adjustment.

Rubric: The learner must explain that increasing network size reduces bias but can increase variance, and that adding regularization reduces variance but can increase bias. The answer must also identify regularization as the better response to high variance.

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Updated 2026-08-12

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