·Reduce the memory’s accuracy of that individual of the actual event 

·Possibility of changing details in an individual's memory. 


New York University

The idea that memory reports become contaminated with information coming from sources other than the original

Memory Misinformation Effect

Blank, H., Panday, A., Edwards, R., Skopicz-Radkiewicz, E., Gibson, V., & Reddy, V. (2022). Double misinformation: Effects on eyewitness remembering. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.08.001

Double misinformation: Effects on eyewitness remembering.

Pansky, A., Tenenboim, E., & Bar, S. K. (2011). The misinformation effect revisited: Interactions between spontaneous memory processes and misleading suggestions. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(3), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.12.003

The misinformation effect revisited: Interactions between spontaneous memory processes and misleading suggestions.

Higham, P. A. (1998). Believing details known to have been suggested. British Journal of Psychology, 89(2), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02684.x

Believing details known to have been suggested.

Effects of Single Piece of Misinformation on Memory

Effects of the Presence of Multiple Piece of Misinformation on Memory

Retroactive interference occurs when information learned more recently obstructs the recall of older, previously learned information. This phenomenon is also considered a potential explanation for the misinformation effect.

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