How COVID-19 may disrupt food supply chains (FSC) in developing countries:

- Direct impacts will overwhelmingly be felt post-farm
- The impacts are likely to be largest in dense urban and rural peri-urban areas
- Effects will be strongest in the downstream segments of retail and food services
- Retail and food service firms in modern FSCs face fewer problems
- Direct impacts on farm populations and farm production will be much smaller than on the FSC downstream and midstream. 
- COVID-19 is likely to increase food prices, both as a cause and consequence of food shortages
- . COVID-19 responses will create economic hardship through  income and
employment risks and political risks. 


Effects on Food Supply Chains of Developing Countries

- Effects on Developed Countries
- Effects on Developing Countries

Michigan State University

The COVID-19 pandemic caused severe disruptions across global supply chains. Key impacts included reduced output in the electronics sector, critical shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), and widespread disturbances in both the automotive and food industries.

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Supply Chains

The normal PPE supply chain process is usually the sourcing teams choosing 2-3 large-scale distributors. The supplies from the distributors are delivered weekly. The distributors usually purchase directly from the manufacturer or third parties. In the U.S., PPE production is limited with more than 70% of PPE produced in China. Due to the spike of demand, distributors cannot acquire PPE to meet the demands. 
- Why aren't distributors purchasing more PPE?
- The Department of Health and Human Services' Strategic National Stockplie
- Negative consequences of PPE shortage
- What should be done?

PPE Supply Chains 

As China serves as a hub for electronic production, impacts to manufacturing in China subsequently affects production upstream in other countries, such as Japan and South Korea. As a result of lockdowns limiting production of electronics in China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia, consumers in the United States, Mexico, and France face reduced output of electronics and subsequently purchase fewer electronics during the pandemic and post-pandemic phases. 

Effects on Electronics Supply Chains

- Nature
- Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
- McKinsey & Company
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

References for Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Supply Chains

Due to the complex nature of the automotive supply chain, any impediments to the output of suppliers, such as labor and transportation constraints, will have a significant upstream effect on production. Germany has been adversely affected as suppliers in the U.S., China and the U.K. have faltered in terms of delivering auto parts and raw materials. Hence, unable to sufficiently manufacture automotive vehicles, Germany will face reduced Chinese, American, and Austrian demand for German vehicles.

Effects on Automotive Supply Chains

COVID-19 pandemic had significant impact on the socio-economics world-wide. This article disintegrates causes behind by sectors. Primary sectors include agriculture and petroleum. Secondary sectors include manufacturing industry. Tertiary sectors include education, finance industry, healthcare and pharmaceutical industry, hospitality, tourism, and aviation, real estate and housing, sports industry, information technology, media, research, & development industry, and food industry.

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