The feeling of psychological strain and uneasiness produced by situations of danger, threat, and loss of personal security or by internal conflicts, frustrations, loss of self-esteem, and grief. Also called emotional tension.

Pepperdine University

When a paper you read mentions a form of stress, add it here as a bullet point, then create a concept child node defining it. Also make sure to add your reference to this node.
- Emotional Stress
- Stress caused via media
- Climate Grief
- Oxidative Stress
- Covid-19 Pandemic Stress
- Time Stress
- Anticipatory Stress
- Situational Stress
- Encounter Stress
- Workplace/Academia Stress
- Gender-related Stress
- Chronic illness and Stress
- Physical stress
- Psychological stress
- Psychosocial stress
- Psycho-spiritual stress
- Generational stress/ Generational trauma

Types of Stress

An emotion is a subjective state of being, often described as a feeling. It is typically an intense, affective state that occurs consciously and intentionally in response to a specific experience. Emotions arise from the interplay of four key components: a subjective experience, an outward expression, a cognitive appraisal of the situation, and physiological responses.

Emotion

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association.

APA Dictionary of Psychology

Although not classified as a specific disorder, some researchers have begun to see that global warming is causing mental health problems for many people, especially those most affected by environmental destruction. This idea has been referred to as "climate grief." Climate grief most often manifests as some form of depression or anxiety.

Climate Grief

Oxidative stress is the imbalance of the manifestation of reactive oxygen species and the body’s ability to fix resulting damage or detoxify the reactive intermediates. This imbalance causes a disturbance in the cells that leads to a toxic effect that damages all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids and DNA.

Oxidative Stress

In recent years, access to media content has dramatically increased. Although this makes information more accessible, some studies indicate that exposure to traumatic images can lead to stress-related symptoms.

Media Exposure and Stress

Although not a formal designation, workplace and/or educational settings are often large sources of stress in people's lives. Therefore, it is important we understand how these environments can impact a person's mental health to make these often hostile environments better.

Workplace/Academia Stress

Stress caused by worry about time or the lack of time one has to accomplish their obligations.

Time Stress

Stress caused by an upsetting situation one cannot control.

Situational Stress

Stress caused by anxiety surrounding seeing a specific person or group.

Encounter Stress

Stress caused by the anticipation of an event, assignment, or activity.

Anticipatory Stress

Stress caused by health concerns,  individual situations, and/or societal impacts of the Covid-19 virus. 

Covid-19 Pandemic Stress

Men and women have different stress resources and report different reactions to stress, both physically and mentally. 

Gender-related Stress

 A large percentage of people have Chronic Illness; the chronic illnesses have significant psychosocial ramifications for both the affected person and their family members. This in return creates new challenges for the field of psychology.


The Impacts of Chronic Illness

 (PTS) describes a general set of symptoms a person may suffer after enduring an intensely stressful situation. Some PTS symptoms are feeling afraid or nervous, increased heart rate, avoiding situations that remind of the traumatic incident, being distracted, having shaky hands, and having nightmares about the incident.

Posttraumatic Stress (PTS)

Emotional Stress

Interpersonal stress during adolescence affects adult mental health. During adolescence individuals form their ethnic-racial identity, pursue romantic relationships, and become more independent. Immigrants specifically may face discrimination and language barriers. 

Interpersonal Stress During Adolescence

Physical stress refers to the strain that is placed on the body as a result of physical activity or exposure to environmental factors such as extreme heat, cold, or altitude. Examples of physical stressors include exercise, manual labor, illness, injury, and exposure to environmental toxins. Physical stress can have both positive and negative effects on the body.

Physical stress

Psychological stress refers to the emotional and mental strain that individuals experience as a result of challenging or demanding situations. Psychological stress can arise from a variety of sources, such as work or school pressures, relationship problems, financial difficulties, or traumatic life events. The experience of psychological stress can trigger the body's stress response, which can have both immediate and long-term effects on physical and mental health. 

Psychological stress

Psychosocial stress refers to the stress that arises from the interaction between social and psychological factors. Psychosocial stressors can include events such as relationship problems, discrimination, or social isolation, as well as internal experiences such as low self-esteem or anxiety. Psychosocial stressors can have a profound impact on an individual's mental and physical health, as they often involve a sense of threat to one's well-being or identity. 

Psychosocial Stress

Psycho-spiritual stress refers to the stress that arises from the interaction between psychological and spiritual factors. This type of stress can be triggered by a variety of experiences, such as a crisis of faith, existential concerns, or a sense of disconnection from one's values or purpose. Psycho-spiritual stress can have a significant impact on an individual's mental and emotional well-being, as it often involves a deep questioning of one's beliefs and values.

Psychospiritual Stress

Generational stress, or generational trauma, is the psychological effects experienced by descendants of those with severe and unresolved trauma.

Generational Stress/Generational Trauma

The predictions of what emotions people think they will feel after making some decision. This affects the decision people make.

Expected emotions

Emotional response to the task at hand. This is usually in response to needs being met or ignored while interacting with the task. Responses to varying levels of emotional engagement can be:
- Happiness
- Anxiety
- Boredom

Emotional Engagement

“the outward expression of emotion, affect, and feeling by individuals and among individuals in a Community of Inquiry, as they relate to and interact with the learning technology, course content, learners, and the instructor”

Emotional Presence 

Emotions not caused by a decision. They are often associated with a person's predisposition, the setting of an environment or something that happened earlier in the day.

Incidental emotions

Focuses on the role of emotion in motivation, judgement, behavior, and health across the life span and across cultures. While predominantly studied in social psychology, related studies incorporate concepts and methods from other fields such as cognitive psychology and biology.

Studies on Emotion

Emotions are episodic and short term patterns of perceptions, communication, and action; these are responses (which are tied to biological and physiological aspects) that occur to perceived social and physical stressors.

What is an Emotion? ( deeper explanation)

Stress and anger negatively impact health, leading to higher risk of chronic diseases.

Emotion | Effect on Health

Functions of emotion for our survival pertain to: 
- Support adaptive action
- Regulate our pursuit of goals
- Promote selective responses
- Function of Facial Expressions

Functions of Emotions

- Basic Emotions
- Self-Conscious Emotions

Types of Emotions

Basic Emotions are innate bodily and neural states that are elicited by signal stimuli. Basic emotions come from a range of stimuli and are often associated with specific adaptive functions. 
There are 6 basic emotions: 
- Anger 
- Disgust
- Fear
- Sadness
- Joy
- Surprise 

Basic Emotions

Stages of emotion processing can occur in different orders and various steps can occur simultaneously. The stages of emotion processing include:
-  Appraisal: when a stimulus is deemed emotion-inflicting
-  Physical Response: changes in pulse, blood pressure, etc.
-  Facial expressions & nonverbal behavior: smiling, jumping, etc.
-  Motives: desire to spread one's emotion to others. 

Stages of Emotion Processing

Sources of emotions include:
-  Immediate Stimuli (someone does something that causes an emotional reaction)
-  Classically Conditioned (place or event is associated with a given emotion)
-  Memories/thoughts (emotions return when thinking about a particular event)

Sources of Emotions

Rather than focusing on the first emotion elicited by a message, the emotional flow hypothesis stresses the importance of the progression through multiple emotional states that a person experiences while interacting with a message.

Emotional Flow Hypothesis

The body maps show regions whose activation increased (warm colors) or decreased (cool colors) when the subject was feeling the indicated emotion.

Bodily Maps of Emotions

Emotion regulation is the process by which individuals manage their emotional responses to various situations and experiences. This involves altering their emotional experiences and how they are expressed.

Emotional Regulation

Ware, D. C. (2020, June 18). Natural treatments for emotional distress: Don't let your mood negatively impact health. Healing Blends Global. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://healingblendsglobal.com/blogs/lifestyle/natural-treatments-for-emotional-distress-don-t-let-your-mood-negatively-impact-health#:~:text=Relax%20Regularly,care%20of%20your%20physical%20body 

Natural treatments for emotional distress: Don't let your mood negatively impact health

When we do not understand our emotions but have an overwhelming feeling of emotion, emotional distress can be debilitating to our executive functioning and happiness. 

Emotional Distress or Dissonance

Emotions impact our: work, relationships, mind, body, environment, and finances.

Emotions and Quality of Life

References for Emotion

The collection of conscious or unconscious influences that an individual exerts on the generation, timing, experience, or expression of his/her emotion(s). 

Emotion Regulation

Emotional granularity refers to the interoceptive resolution in perceiving internal emotional states and the capacity to transcribe them into descriptive and specified language.

Emotional Granularity / Emotion Differentiation

- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- The Immune System
- Psychological Stress and Immunity

Emotions and the Immune System

- Theories of emotion
- Evolutionary viewpoint of emotions
- How many emotions are there
- Brain circuits for different emotions
- Neural circuitry of violence and aggression
- Stress and body responses
- Emotions and the immune system

Subjects in emotions, aggression and stress in the brain

Emotion complexity represents a burgeoning sub-field within the study of emotion. It diverges from traditional views that categorize emotions discretely, instead emphasizing the intricate and multifaceted nature of emotional experiences.

Emotion Complexity

Meta-emotion lacks a unified definition, though it is commonly understood as one's feelings about experiencing specific emotions. However, broadly speaking, it encompasses an individual's awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and control regarding emotions.

Meta-Emotion / Metaemotion

Theories of emotions attempt to explain the origin and functions of affective states.
- Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
- Evolutionary Theories
- Appraisal Theories
  * Cognitive-mediational theory
- Psychological Constructionism 
- Physiological Theories
  * James-Lange theory
  * Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of Emotion

Emotional states are complex experiences that result from the combination of several key elements: physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective feelings. These elements, along with outward emotional expression, are collectively known as the components of emotion.

Components of Emotion

Which of the following best describes the concept of emotion?

Which of the following components are involved in the experience of emotion?

How does the specific stimulus experienced by an individual influence their emotion?

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of cognitive processes in emotion?

This area of study explores the physiological and neurological foundations of emotional experiences, examining the biological mechanisms that give rise to and regulate emotions.

Biological Underpinnings of Emotion

A mood is a prolonged, less intense affective state that, unlike an emotion, typically does not arise in response to a specific experience and lacks intentionality. In psychological research, a mood is considered an intangible variable or abstract construct; while it cannot be directly observed, researchers can measure it to evaluate its relationship with other phenomena, such as behavioral intentions.

Mood

Emotions and moods are distinct affective states that differ in several key aspects. Emotions are typically intense, brief, and are a direct response to a specific event or experience; they are also generally conscious and intentional. In contrast, moods are less intense, more prolonged states that are not linked to a specific trigger, may exist without conscious awareness, and lack intentionality.

Comparison of Emotion and Mood

The methodology for measuring emotions is a subject of debate within psychology. While researchers like Mauss have identified potential problems with how emotions are typically measured, they also contend that many of the commonly used measurements are still valuable and useful for understanding emotional processes.

Challenges in Measuring Emotion

Despite cultural display rules that dictate how emotions should be expressed, the fundamental ability to produce and recognize facial expressions of emotion is considered universal across all human cultures. This concept is supported by evidence from cross-cultural research, such as studies with isolated, preliterate societies, and the observation that congenitally blind individuals produce the same facial expressions as sighted people, suggesting these expressions are innate.

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