Includes difficulties in being aware of and understanding emotions, difficulties accepting emotions, difficulties pursuing goals and controlling impulsive actions when distressed, and not having effective strategies to manage stress. A transdiagnostic feature in psychiatry.

Emotional Dysregulation

Older adolescents had better metacognition, higher emotional regulation, and less emotional instability compared to younger adolescents; however, they had more negative emotional states and more emotional stressors.

Emotional Regulation in Adolescents

There are three foundational issues regarding measurement. First, it is suggested that assessments must target either specific ER strategies or ER as a general construct. Second, assessments must distinguish between the experience of emotion and its regulation. Third, assessments must avoid overlap with outcome measures.
- Self-Report Measures
- Observational Methods

Assessment of Emotional Regulation

The use of engagement strategies following an emotion-eliciting stimulus is associated with positive outcomes, including better interpersonal functioning, improvement in work performance, and reduction in one’s experience of negative affect. 
On the other hand, frequent use of disengagement strategies (e.g., denial, suppression) has been related to increased distress, depression, and anxiety.

The Mental Health Effect of Emotional Regulation

Engagement strategies have been associated with increased pain tolerance and diminished cardiac reactivity. Alternatively, disengagement strategies have been associated with higher levels of chronic pain, increased inflammation, higher diastolic blood pressure, faster progression of cancer, and poorer self-reported health.

The Physical Health Effect of Emotional Regulation

Compared with healthy women, diagnosed breast cancer patients demonstrated higher levels of acceptance but lower levels of use of positive reappraisal.
Women with breast cancer who frequently used disengagement ER strategies also reported more emotional distress, depressive symptoms, anxiety, lower quality of life, and lower overall emotional well-being, affecting the quality of life and possible cancer progression.

Emotional Regulation in the Context of Breast Cancer

Emotional Regulation Strategies

* Covert emotion regulation strategies
  * Cognitive Reappraisal
  * Suppression
* Overt emotion regulation strategies 
  * Seeking advice 
  * Drinking alcohol

Types of Emotion Regulation Strategies

Automatic Emotion Regulation (AER) is the non-deliberate control of emotions, operating without conscious thought. This process develops over time into an automatic script or schema that guides emotional responses, much like the learned skill of riding a bicycle. AER can influence all stages of emotional processing, from initial attention and appraisal to the final behavioral response, by activating pre-existing knowledge structures that shape an individual's functioning.

Automatic Emotion Regulation (AER)

A patient diagnosed with a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive disregard for the rights of others exhibits a pattern of antisocial behaviors that includes persistent lying to manipulate situations, spreading malicious rumors to damage a coworker's reputation, and blackmailing a former partner. Based on common research findings regarding how this disorder's symptoms can differ, analyze this behavioral pattern and justify which gender is more likely represented in this case.

Analysis of Behavioral Manifestations

Emotion regulation is the process by which individuals manage their emotional responses to various situations and experiences. This involves altering their emotional experiences and how they are expressed.

Santa Clara University

Pepperdine University

Google

A subcategory of overall health relating to one's emotional well-being by one's ability to successfully overcome everyday stressors, to realize one's inner potential, and to work in a manner that gives back to the self and to their community.

Mental Health

An emotion is a subjective state of being, often described as a feeling. It is typically an intense, affective state that occurs consciously and intentionally in response to a specific experience. Emotions arise from the interplay of four key components: a subjective experience, an outward expression, a cognitive appraisal of the situation, and physiological responses.

Emotion

Katana, Marko, et al. “Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 1 Jan. 1AD, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01097/full. e

Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Between 10 and 20% of adolescents worldwide experience a mental health problem within a given 12-month period. Mental health problems impact on an adolescent’s potential to live a fulfilling and productive life and lead to challenges such as stigma, isolation and discrimination. 

Adolescent Mental Health

There is a need for global emphasis on more comprehensive mental health promotion and intervention in schools. The SMHILE (School Mental Health International Leadership Exchange) identified 5 critical themes for nations to advance SMH (=school mental health). Doing so, we can accomplish cross-nation collaboration among research and policy leaders from diverse countries and share experiences/lessons to improve SMH.


Comprehensive Mental Health Promotion & Intervention in School

The long-term physical, mental, emotional, and psychological effects of racism.

Weathering

Defines strategies that typically involve health-oriented public policies, an improvement in community action, significant positive changes in regards to creating healthy environments, development of essential personal skills, and the redistribution and improvement of health-related services.

Mental Health Promotion Strategies 

Generally speaking, anxiety is a reaction by the body that ensues negative internal experiences such as negative thoughts or feelings. Physical changes may also follow, such as an increase in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, trembling, and so on.

Anxiety

Assessments, treatments, and counseling resources offered in private, public, outpatient and inpatient facilities that focus on serving individuals experiencing mental health crises and issues. 

Mental Health Services

NIMH. (2022). Anxiety Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders 

Panic Disorder Reference

NIMH. (2022). NIMH. National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/ 

NIMH

Dementia is characterized by memory loss and impairment of mental functioning that. Depression, paranoia, anxiety, confusion, and wandering are symptoms of the illness.

Dementia

It is a mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances such as legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medication. Symptoms can range from moderate to severe, with addiction being the most powerful form of SUDs.

Substance Use Disorder

Gender is a determinant of mental health. Different factors different genders face impacting their mental health and lives, social position, status, and treatment in society. Gender differences also occur in the rates of common mental disorders.

Gender and Mental Health

Emotional Regulation

While wellbeing does not have a clear and universal definition, people believe that it can be conceptualized in a few ways:

- Positive Construct
- Subjective Construct
- Multi-dimensional Construct

Wellbeing

Shim, R. S., Compton, M. T., Rust, G., Druss, B. G., & Kaslow, N. J. (2009). Race-Ethnicity as a Predictor of Attitudes Toward Mental Health Treatment Seeking. Psychiatric Services, 60(10), 1336–1341. https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ps.2009.60.10.1336 

Reference for Predictors in Mental Health Seeking Behaviors

 Societal or internal criticism that shames the desire for professional mental health support and can lead to negative changes in help seeking behaviors.

Mental Health Stigma

Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, & Brown, C. (2010). Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: the impact of stigma and race. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(6), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181cc0366

Reference for Predictors in Mental Health Seeking Behaviors(Age)

Insomnia, the most prevalent sleep disorder, is characterized by a persistent difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep. Individuals with this condition often experience significant delays before falling asleep and may wake up frequently during the night, struggling to resume sleep. According to diagnostic criteria, these sleep disturbances must occur at least three nights a week for a minimum of one month.

Insomnia

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013, is the primary classification system used by most mental health professionals in the United States to diagnose psychological disorders.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

The predictions of what emotions people think they will feel after making some decision. This affects the decision people make.

Expected emotions

Emotional response to the task at hand. This is usually in response to needs being met or ignored while interacting with the task. Responses to varying levels of emotional engagement can be:
- Happiness
- Anxiety
- Boredom

Emotional Engagement

“the outward expression of emotion, affect, and feeling by individuals and among individuals in a Community of Inquiry, as they relate to and interact with the learning technology, course content, learners, and the instructor”

Emotional Presence 

Emotions not caused by a decision. They are often associated with a person's predisposition, the setting of an environment or something that happened earlier in the day.

Incidental emotions

Focuses on the role of emotion in motivation, judgement, behavior, and health across the life span and across cultures. While predominantly studied in social psychology, related studies incorporate concepts and methods from other fields such as cognitive psychology and biology.

Studies on Emotion

Emotions are episodic and short term patterns of perceptions, communication, and action; these are responses (which are tied to biological and physiological aspects) that occur to perceived social and physical stressors.

What is an Emotion? ( deeper explanation)

Stress and anger negatively impact health, leading to higher risk of chronic diseases.

Emotion | Effect on Health

Functions of emotion for our survival pertain to: 
- Support adaptive action
- Regulate our pursuit of goals
- Promote selective responses
- Function of Facial Expressions

Functions of Emotions

- Basic Emotions
- Self-Conscious Emotions

Types of Emotions

Basic Emotions are innate bodily and neural states that are elicited by signal stimuli. Basic emotions come from a range of stimuli and are often associated with specific adaptive functions. 
There are 6 basic emotions: 
- Anger 
- Disgust
- Fear
- Sadness
- Joy
- Surprise 

Basic Emotions

Stages of emotion processing can occur in different orders and various steps can occur simultaneously. The stages of emotion processing include:
-  Appraisal: when a stimulus is deemed emotion-inflicting
-  Physical Response: changes in pulse, blood pressure, etc.
-  Facial expressions & nonverbal behavior: smiling, jumping, etc.
-  Motives: desire to spread one's emotion to others. 

Stages of Emotion Processing

Sources of emotions include:
-  Immediate Stimuli (someone does something that causes an emotional reaction)
-  Classically Conditioned (place or event is associated with a given emotion)
-  Memories/thoughts (emotions return when thinking about a particular event)

Sources of Emotions

Rather than focusing on the first emotion elicited by a message, the emotional flow hypothesis stresses the importance of the progression through multiple emotional states that a person experiences while interacting with a message.

Emotional Flow Hypothesis

The body maps show regions whose activation increased (warm colors) or decreased (cool colors) when the subject was feeling the indicated emotion.

Bodily Maps of Emotions

The feeling of psychological strain and uneasiness produced by situations of danger, threat, and loss of personal security or by internal conflicts, frustrations, loss of self-esteem, and grief. Also called emotional tension.

Emotional Stress

Ware, D. C. (2020, June 18). Natural treatments for emotional distress: Don't let your mood negatively impact health. Healing Blends Global. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://healingblendsglobal.com/blogs/lifestyle/natural-treatments-for-emotional-distress-don-t-let-your-mood-negatively-impact-health#:~:text=Relax%20Regularly,care%20of%20your%20physical%20body 

Natural treatments for emotional distress: Don't let your mood negatively impact health

When we do not understand our emotions but have an overwhelming feeling of emotion, emotional distress can be debilitating to our executive functioning and happiness. 

Emotional Distress or Dissonance

Emotions impact our: work, relationships, mind, body, environment, and finances.

Emotions and Quality of Life

References for Emotion

The collection of conscious or unconscious influences that an individual exerts on the generation, timing, experience, or expression of his/her emotion(s). 

Emotion Regulation

Emotional granularity refers to the interoceptive resolution in perceiving internal emotional states and the capacity to transcribe them into descriptive and specified language.

Emotional Granularity / Emotion Differentiation

- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- The Immune System
- Psychological Stress and Immunity

Emotions and the Immune System

- Theories of emotion
- Evolutionary viewpoint of emotions
- How many emotions are there
- Brain circuits for different emotions
- Neural circuitry of violence and aggression
- Stress and body responses
- Emotions and the immune system

Subjects in emotions, aggression and stress in the brain

Emotion complexity represents a burgeoning sub-field within the study of emotion. It diverges from traditional views that categorize emotions discretely, instead emphasizing the intricate and multifaceted nature of emotional experiences.

Emotion Complexity

Meta-emotion lacks a unified definition, though it is commonly understood as one's feelings about experiencing specific emotions. However, broadly speaking, it encompasses an individual's awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and control regarding emotions.

Meta-Emotion / Metaemotion

Theories of emotions attempt to explain the origin and functions of affective states.
- Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
- Evolutionary Theories
- Appraisal Theories
  * Cognitive-mediational theory
- Psychological Constructionism 
- Physiological Theories
  * James-Lange theory
  * Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of Emotion

Emotional states are complex experiences that result from the combination of several key elements: physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective feelings. These elements, along with outward emotional expression, are collectively known as the components of emotion.

Components of Emotion

Which of the following best describes the concept of emotion?

Which of the following components are involved in the experience of emotion?

How does the specific stimulus experienced by an individual influence their emotion?

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of cognitive processes in emotion?

This area of study explores the physiological and neurological foundations of emotional experiences, examining the biological mechanisms that give rise to and regulate emotions.

Biological Underpinnings of Emotion

A mood is a prolonged, less intense affective state that, unlike an emotion, typically does not arise in response to a specific experience and lacks intentionality. In psychological research, a mood is considered an intangible variable or abstract construct; while it cannot be directly observed, researchers can measure it to evaluate its relationship with other phenomena, such as behavioral intentions.

Mood

Emotions and moods are distinct affective states that differ in several key aspects. Emotions are typically intense, brief, and are a direct response to a specific event or experience; they are also generally conscious and intentional. In contrast, moods are less intense, more prolonged states that are not linked to a specific trigger, may exist without conscious awareness, and lack intentionality.

Comparison of Emotion and Mood

The methodology for measuring emotions is a subject of debate within psychology. While researchers like Mauss have identified potential problems with how emotions are typically measured, they also contend that many of the commonly used measurements are still valuable and useful for understanding emotional processes.

Challenges in Measuring Emotion

Despite cultural display rules that dictate how emotions should be expressed, the fundamental ability to produce and recognize facial expressions of emotion is considered universal across all human cultures. This concept is supported by evidence from cross-cultural research, such as studies with isolated, preliterate societies, and the observation that congenitally blind individuals produce the same facial expressions as sighted people, suggesting these expressions are innate.

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