Pinocytosis, meaning "cell drinking," is a type of endocytosis where liquids and small, dissolved particles are taken into the cell. The plasma membrane folds inward to form small vesicles that bring these substances inside.

Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a type of endocytosis initiated when target particles, such as sugars or specific ligand molecules, bind to cell surface receptors. The membrane then folds inward to form a coated vesicle containing the receptors still bound to the target particles.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a eukaryotic transport mechanism where substances are internalized by the cell through plasma membrane invagination, which pinches off to form a vacuole or vesicle.

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Active transport occurs when cells move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients, effectively moving them "uphill" from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This process requires an input of energy, typically adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other forms of energy. Due to this significant energy requirement, the membrane structures that facilitate active transport are often referred to as "pumps."

Active Transport

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport protein in the plasma membrane that is crucial for maintaining a cell's resting potential. It moves ions against their concentration gradients by breaking down ATP into ADP for energy. Specifically, the pump expels sodium ions (Na+) from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid, where their concentration is higher, and imports potassium ions (K+) from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm. In neurons, this unequal exchange expels three positively charged sodium ions for every two positively charged potassium ions it brings in, creating a net negative charge inside the cell.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis, meaning "cell eating," is a type of endocytosis where large particles or other cells are engulfed by a folding of the plasma membrane, enclosing the particle in a pocket that pinches off to form a vacuole that completely surrounds it within the cell.

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