Environmental factors affect how a pathogen reaches a host: - Crowding increases the risk of spreading the virus. - Atmosphere affects transmission if the disease is airborne. - Environmental phenomena can bring the host and agent together, including: -- Vector (e.g. mosquitoes, bats) -- Vehicle (more contact surfaces for the virus to spread) -- Reservoir (e.g. animals that transmit to humans)

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Qualities that can affect an environment or its susceptibility include: climate, building design, sanitation, social environment, access to health care, population density, etc.


Environment

Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition
An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics
[www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section8.html](https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section8.html) 

Concepts of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice

Urbanization refers to an increased movement and settling of people in urban surroundings. Rapid urbanization leads to the development of heterogeneous living environments, such as slums, shanty towns, and wealthy neighborhoods. The differences between these environments can pose several health risks, which leads to an increase of infectious diseases in urban environments.

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