Syntax errors happen when you make an error in the syntax of your program. Syntax errors are like making grammatical errors in writing.

Usually SyntaxErrors can be traced back to missing punctuation characters, such as parentheses, quotation marks, or commas.

SyntaxError

TypeErrors occur when you try to combine two objects that are not compatible. For example you try to add together an integer and a string. Usually type errors can be isolated to lines that are using mathematical operators, and usually the line number given by the error message is an accurate indication of the line.

TypeError

Name errors almost always mean that you have used a variable before it has a value. Often NameErrors are simply caused by typos in your code. Other times you may simply mis-remember the name of a variable or even a function you want to call.

NameError

Value errors occur when you pass a parameter to a function and the function is expecting a certain limitations on the values, and the value passed is not compatible. 

ValueError

Many problems in your program will lead to an error message.

Most common error messages:
- SyntaxError
- TypeError
- NameError
- ValueError

Less common error messages:
- AttributeError
- TimeLimitError
- IndexError
- IndentationError
- ExternalError
- UnboundLocalError
- ImportError
- ZeroDivisionError
- KeyError
- IOError

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- Syntax Errors
- Semantic Errors
- Runtime Errors

Error Types

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Runestone: Foundations of Python Programming

A violation of Python syntax that causes a program to fail. A syntax error means that the code does not follow the correct structure and rules of the language.

Syntax Errors

A semantic error, also known as a logic error, occurs when a program runs successfully without any errors, but the outcome of the code is not what the programmer had intended. 

Semantic Errors

Runtime errors occur when the syntax of a program is correct, but a statement within the program prevents the interpreter from executing the code. These are also known as exceptions. For example, dividing by zero, performing type conversions on values that can not be converted, or performing operations on the wrong data type will all lead to runtime errors.

Runtime Errors

In Python, all exceptions must be instances of a class that derives from BaseException. In a try statement with an except clause that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which it is derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the same name.

The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the interpreter or built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an “associated value” indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple of several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the code). The associated value is usually passed as arguments to the exception class’s constructor.

User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition “just like” the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.

The built-in exception classes can be subclassed to define new exceptions; programmers are encouraged to derive new exceptions from the Exception class or one of its subclasses, and not from BaseException. More information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under User-defined Exceptions.

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