Which of the following is a syntax error?

Common Syntax Errors in Python

     1) Miss-using the assignment operator (=)

     2) Misspelling, missing, or misusing Python keywords

     3) Missing parentheses, brackets, and quotes

     4) Mistaking dictionary syntax

     5) Using the wrong indentation

Common Syntax Errors in Python

Who or what typically finds syntax errors?

A violation of Python syntax that causes a program to fail. A syntax error means that the code does not follow the correct structure and rules of the language.

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- Syntax Errors
- Semantic Errors
- Runtime Errors

Error Types

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Syntax Errors

A semantic error, also known as a logic error, occurs when a program runs successfully without any errors, but the outcome of the code is not what the programmer had intended. 

Semantic Errors

Runtime errors occur when the syntax of a program is correct, but a statement within the program prevents the interpreter from executing the code. These are also known as exceptions. For example, dividing by zero, performing type conversions on values that can not be converted, or performing operations on the wrong data type will all lead to runtime errors.

Runtime Errors

In Python, all exceptions must be instances of a class that derives from BaseException. In a try statement with an except clause that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which it is derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the same name.

The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the interpreter or built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an “associated value” indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple of several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the code). The associated value is usually passed as arguments to the exception class’s constructor.

User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition “just like” the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.

The built-in exception classes can be subclassed to define new exceptions; programmers are encouraged to derive new exceptions from the Exception class or one of its subclasses, and not from BaseException. More information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under User-defined Exceptions.

Built-In Exceptions

Many problems in your program will lead to an error message.

Most common error messages:
- SyntaxError
- TypeError
- NameError
- ValueError

Less common error messages:
- AttributeError
- TimeLimitError
- IndexError
- IndentationError
- ExternalError
- UnboundLocalError
- ImportError
- ZeroDivisionError
- KeyError
- IOError

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