A data analyst is adjusting a baseline production curve modeled by the base function $g(x) = x^2$. To shift the entire curve vertically downward by 4 units, they define a secondary shift function $f(x) = x - 4$. Based on the concept of graph translation through function composition, which of the following correctly describes how these functions are combined to achieve the vertical downward shift?

A warehouse manager uses a base function $g(x)$ to model daily energy consumption in kilowatt-hours. To account for a new solar array that provides a constant reduction of 15 kilowatt-hours per day, the manager uses function composition to translate the consumption graph downward. Arrange the following steps in the correct order to represent this vertical translation according to the process of function composition.

An HVAC engineer is modeling electricity usage for a cooling system. They use a base function $g(x)$ to represent standard consumption and a shift function $f(x)$ to represent a fixed reduction in energy usage. Match each component of the function composition $(f \circ g)(x)$ to its specific role in translating the consumption graph vertically.

An environmental safety officer uses a base function $g(x)$ to model the concentration of a chemical over time. To adjust for a constant background level of 15 parts per million that translates the graph vertically, they apply the function composition $(f \circ g)(x)$. In this mathematical structure, the function $f(x)$ that applies the shift is known as the _____ function.

Identifying Functional Roles in Vertical Cost Translations