 Concept maps were used to elicit the expert’s knowledge, and at the same maps later became the explanation component of the system. 
- The concept maps are linked to all types of resources that can be reached through the icons underneath the various concepts. 
- By navigating through the concept maps, each learner can choose a personal path to follow that depends on the information being sought. 
- Using the expert’s knowledge as a means to organize content leads to an easier navigation and searching of information

Nuces: Nuclear Cardiology Expert System

El-Tech developed in a joint research effort with the Chief of Naval Education and Training of the US Navy. 
- Demonstrated that the same mechanism is possible at the technical level
- It captures the expertise of an expert electronics technician on the RD-379A(V)/UNH, a fault- tolerant magnetic recorder/reproducer manufactured by Magnasync/Moviola corporation.

El-Tech: Electronic Technician

 Mars 2001 is a collection of over 100 concept maps created at the Center for Mars Exploration at NASA Ames, is used to navigate over a huge collection of resources on the WWW2. 
- Students of all ages navigate through the concept maps as a way to both learn from the expert’s knowledge and to reach the diverse media that are linked to the concept maps. 
- Mars 2001 is an excellent example of how concept maps can be used to organize content in a non-linear fashion, using the expert’s knowledge as the organizational structure, truly standing in the shoulders of giants in the creation of these knowledge models. 
- Of particular interest is the fact that in the case of Mars 2001, the expert (Dr. Geoff Briggs) constructed the maps himself (and with some help from colleagues) and there were no knowledge elicitation sessions and maps constructed by knowledge engineers, as was the case of Nuces and El-Tech.

Mars 2001

NUCES, El-Tech and Mars 2001 as examples of how the knowledge of experts can be captured and shared with learners through concept maps.

Syracuse University

Concept maps have been used successfully for many years as a knowledge elicitation technique and have been used to construct training and performance support systems for a variety of domains. 

Concept Maps as a Tool for Training and Performance Support

Novak, Joseph & Cañas, Alberto. (2007). Theoretical origins of concept maps, how to construct them, and uses in education. Reflecting Education. 3. 

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