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Explain why the variables collected by the researcher (chosen major, occupation, and psychotherapy status) are classified as categorical variables. In your explanation, contrast how these variables are measured compared to variables that represent a numerical amount.
Case context: A research psychologist is designing a study on student mental health at a university. She collects data from participants on their chosen major (e.g., Psychology or Nursing), their current occupation (e.g., tutor, barista), and whether or not they are currently receiving psychotherapy. Instead of assigning numerical scores, she records these characteristics using descriptive category labels.
Question: Explain why the variables collected by the researcher (chosen major, occupation, and psychotherapy status) are classified as categorical variables. In your explanation, contrast how these variables are measured compared to variables that represent a numerical amount.
Sample answer: The variables are classified as categorical because they represent qualitative characteristics that are measured by assigning a descriptive label or category to each participant, rather than a numerical value. For example, a student is categorized by their major (like Psychology) or their psychotherapy status (yes or no). In contrast, variables that measure numerical amounts would express a quantity or magnitude, which is not the case for these descriptive labels.
Key points:
- Variables represent qualitative characteristics rather than numerical amounts.
- Measurement is achieved by assigning descriptive labels or categories to individuals.
- Categorical measurement involves sorting individuals into distinct groups (such as Psychology major or receiving/not receiving psychotherapy).
- Categorical variables contrast with variables that measure a numerical amount.
Rubric: The student must show comprehension of categorical variables by explaining that chosen major, occupation, and psychotherapy status are qualities measured with descriptive labels/categories rather than numerical values, and explain how this differs from numerical measurements.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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