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Factors Determining the p-value
The -value in null hypothesis testing depends on two primary factors: the strength of the relationship in the sample (effect size) and the size of the sample. A stronger relationship and a larger sample both decrease the likelihood that a result occurred by chance under the null hypothesis, thereby yielding a lower -value.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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Factors Determining the p-value
Test Statistic
Misinterpretations of the p-value
Alpha (Level of Significance)
p-hacking
The 2015 Ban on Null Hypothesis Testing
Alpha Criterion
What does a p value represent in the context of psychological research?
If a psychology researcher calculates a p-value of 0.08, they will typically declare the experimental result to be statistically significant.
A social psychologist is analyzing data from four different studies. Based on the standard thresholds for statistical significance provided in the table, match each study's obtained p value with its correct interpretation.
A psychologist is comparing findings across four different research studies. Based on the definition of a p value and the significance thresholds provided in the table, arrange these findings in order from the outcome LEAST likely to have occurred by chance to the outcome MOST likely to have occurred by chance.
According to the standard threshold of significance () in psychology, a research result is typically declared significant if the probability of it occurring purely by chance is less than in how many?
Misinterpretation of the p Value
Determinants of the Value
Based on the significance thresholds provided in the table and the definition of a value, match each statistical label with the correct description of its probability occurring purely by chance.
A researcher obtains a value of and labels the result 'highly significant' (). According to standard significance thresholds, where and , this labeling is _____.
A cognitive psychologist conducts an experiment on learning styles and calculates a value of . Applying the standard threshold of significance () described in the text, the researcher should declare this result to be statistically significant.
According to the standard threshold of significance (), a psychological research result is typically declared significant if the probability of the outcome occurring purely by chance is less than 1 in _____.
Evaluate the following three experimental results and arrange them in order from the outcome representing the lowest probability of occurring purely by chance (1) to the outcome representing the highest probability of occurring purely by chance (3).
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Trade-off Between Sample Size and Relationship Strength
Which two primary factors determine the -value in null hypothesis testing?
If two separate studies observe the exact same strength of relationship, the study with the larger sample size will generally yield a lower p-value.
A researcher is conducting three different studies on how 'study breaks' affect test scores. Based on the factors that determine a -value, rank the following study results from the lowest -value (1) to the highest -value (3).
A team of psychologists is reviewing multiple independent studies on the relationship between sleep duration and cognitive performance. Match each study scenario with the specific configuration of factors that best explains the observed outcome of the -value.
You are designing a study to investigate the impact of a new mindfulness technique on stress reduction. Previous research indicates the effect is likely to be subtle. Which of the following research plans demonstrates the most effective synthesis of the factors that determine a -value to maximize the likelihood of finding a statistically significant result ()?
In null hypothesis testing, both a larger sample size and a stronger relationship in the sample contribute to a _____ -value.
Two independent psychology experiments both result in an identical statistical significance level of . Experiment A used a very large sample of participants, whereas Experiment B used a much smaller sample of participants. Based on the factors that determine the -value, the experiment that must have observed a stronger relationship (larger effect size) between its variables is Experiment _____.
A clinical psychologist is comparing two independent studies on the effectiveness of a new cognitive therapy. Study A has a sample size of and finds a strong relationship between therapy completion and symptom reduction. Study B has a sample size of and finds a weak relationship. True or False: Based on the factors that determine a -value, Study A is expected to yield a lower -value than Study B.
Match each statistical concept from null hypothesis testing with the description of its relationship to the resulting -value.
Evaluate the design parameters of the following three proposed psychology studies. Order them from the study configuration expected to yield the lowest -value (1) to the study configuration expected to yield the highest -value (3).