The ADOS-2 is more likely to produce false positives (giving a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder to a non-autistic individual) when an individual has a different psychiatric or developmental disorder, such as schizophrenia or ADHD. 

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The ADOS-2, Module 4 is one of the most frequently-used diagnostic tools for diagnosing adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum, involving a semi-structured interview between the evaluator and the person being evaluated. Its primary purpose is to assess a person’s social skills and to observe for any repetitive or restrictive behaviors. It is commonly used in conjunction with the ADI-R. 

ADOS-2, Module 4  

Grzadzinski, R., Dick, C., Lord, C., Bishop, S. "Parent-reported and clinician-observed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): implications for practice under DSM-5". Molecular Autism. 7 (1) (2016): 7. doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0072-1. PMC 4717584. PMID 26788284.

Parent-reported and clinician-observed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): implications for practice under DSM-5

Barlati, S., Deste, G., Gregorelli, M., Vita, A. "Autistic traits in a sample of adult patients with schizophrenia: prevalence and correlates". Psychological Medicine. 49 (1): 140–148 (2016). doi:10.1017/S0033291718000600. PMID 29554995. S2CID 4020382. 

Autistic traits in a sample of adult patients with schizophrenia: prevalence and correlates

False positives in the ADOS-2 

The ADOS-2 is more likely to produce false negatives (not giving a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder to an autistic individual) when the individual is female or assigned female at birth. 

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