•	Reading comprehension was not affected by either the medium or multitasking conditions; however, multitaskers demonstrated markedly reduced efficiency.

•	A computer without Internet access significantly improved report quality compared to a computer with Internet access.

•	By taking notes on paper, internet access was greatly reduced in its negative effects.

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

•	Effects of mobile phone use on academic performance.

•	Effects of laptop use on reading comprehension and task performance.

Conditions of multitasking outside of class

May, K.E., Elder, A.D. Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance. Int J Educ Technol High Educ 15, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0096-z


Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance

•	Academic performance is negatively impacted by mobile phone use.

•	Using Facebook and texting while doing schoolwork was negatively correlated with overall semester GPA. This kind of multitasking may affect students’ capacity for cognitive processing, hindering deeper learning.

•	A lower self-reported GPA was associated with more time spent on instant messaging in class.

•	A significant and negative relationship was found between texting while studying and college students GPA after controlling for demographic variables, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, self-efficacy for academic achievement, and high school GPA.

•	U.S. students' overall GPA was negatively impacted by their texting and multitasking habits.

•	The multiple use of digital media technologies and social networking platforms by students while studying is negatively impacted by the utilization of various digital media technologies.

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