A 2020 survey-based study by Varner et al. found that parenting styles regarding racial discrimination within African American families depended heavily on the gender of the child and the parents' personal history of racial discrimination. Parents indicated how frequently they experienced discrimination, the types of discrimination they faced, and how they handled their child facing racial discrimination. The study revealed that parents were generally more concerned about their adolescent sons facing racial discrimination than their daughters. Furthermore, parents who had less personal experience with racial discrimination compared to their children reported higher parental involvement and stronger discipline. The differences in parenting styles for those with daughters were negligible.