Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a microscopic technique in which fluorescent probes are used to bind to specific DNA sequences. This method can be utilized to identify and visualize particular cells within complex structures, such as the matrix of a biofilm.

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A fluorescence microscope is a light microscope that transmits a short-wavelength excitation light, such as ultraviolet or blue light, toward a specimen. Fluorescent chromophores (fluorochromes) in the specimen absorb this energy and emit longer-wavelength visible light. The excitation light is then filtered out—partly to protect the eyes from harmful ultraviolet rays—allowing only the emitted visible light to pass through the ocular lens, producing brightly colored images of the specimen against a dark background.

Fluorescence Microscopes

Samples for fluorescence and confocal microscopy are prepared similarly to those for light microscopy, but they use fluorochromes instead of standard dyes. These fluorochromes are often diluted in liquid before being applied to the slide. The dyes can be attached to antibodies to target specific proteins on specific cells (immunofluorescence), or they can attach to DNA molecules to stain cells based on specific DNA sequences (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH).

Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy Sample Preparation

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

In clinical microbiology, fluorescence microscopes are utilized to identify pathogens, locate specific species within an environment, and pinpoint particular molecules or structures within a cell. They can distinguish between living and dead cells based on their differential uptake of specific fluorochromes. Furthermore, applying multiple fluorochromes to a single specimen enables the simultaneous visualization of different structures or features.

Clinical Applications of Fluorescence Microscopes

Out-of-focus flare is the background fluorescence that limits the effective sensitivity and resolution of traditional fluorescence microscopy when viewing thick specimens. This blurring limitation is greatly reduced in confocal microscopes, which use a confocal pinhole to reject the out-of-focus flare and capture thin, unblurred optical sections.

Out-of-Focus Flare

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

SYTOX Green is a fluorescent dye utilized in fluorescence microscopy to differentiate dead cells from living cells. Live cells do not absorb this dye; however, cells killed by an antibiotic that has damaged their bacterial cell membrane will absorb the dye and appear green. This makes it a valuable tool for testing the effectiveness of new antibiotics.

SYTOX Green

Immunofluorescence is a significant clinical application of fluorescence microscopy used to identify specific disease-causing microbes. This technique involves observing under a fluorescence microscope whether specific antibodies bind to pathogens within a specimen. It encompasses two main approaches: the direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA).

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