Research in learning science encompasses a wide array of focuses and topics. These include cognitive and motivational theories (such as expectancy-valence theory, self-determination theory, and constructivism), specific learning frameworks and strategies (such as Bloom's taxonomy of learning, the cognitive theory of drawing construction, learning by conceptual levels, and desirable difficulties), the evaluation of educational methods (such as the efficacy of traditional teaching methods and various modes of education), and the study of student outcomes and environments (such as learning analytics, student engagement, the Community of Inquiry framework, and the achievement gap in education).