Public health agencies in the U.S. like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protect the public from threats to their health and safety, such as disease. Particularly, these agencies conduct epidemiological studies to track notifiable diseases, and relevant findings and updates are published for use by physicians.

Public Health Agencies

The significant reduction in global extreme poverty since the 19th century, and particularly after 1950, is attributed to a combination of major historical forces. Key drivers include the widespread economic growth and productivity gains initiated by the Industrial Revolution, the expansion of global trade and economic integration known as globalization, advancements in public health and medicine, and the development of social safety nets and international aid programs.

Factors Contributing to the Decline in Global Extreme Poverty

Multiple international public health agencies have worked towards improving public health and healthcare programs, monitoring disease risks, and communicating and coordinating with other international agencies to uphold global public health.

University of Notre Dame

The study of the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of illness or disease in a given population

Epidemiology

OpenStax Concepts of Biology provides the necessary breadth and depth for core Biology concepts.

Link: https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology/

OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Regarding epidemiology, the expectation is that analyzing the distribution of cases in a community or region and uncovering the distinguishing characteristics of the affected individuals or groups will teach us something about the causes of a particular disease and the methods by which it spreads. Epidemiological methods can also be quite important in identifying groups of individuals who are at risk.

Epidemiological Methods 

Features of Epidemiology include:

- Etiology
- Disease transmission
- Morbidity
- Morbidity rate
- Mortality
- Mortality rate

Features of Epidemiology

Traditional model for infectious disease that consits of an agent/pathogen, a susceptible host, and an environment.  Disease is a result of an agent/pathogen and a susceptible host interacting in an environment that enables transmission. 

Epidemiological Triangle

Pioneers in epidemiology include:
- John Snow
- Florence Nightingale
- Ignaz Semmelweis
- Joseph Lister
- Robert Koch
- Louis Pasteur

Learn Before

Related

Learn After