- In all studies, children/families were from low-income
- Considerable ethnic diversity
- Most were minorities from single parent households but substantial amount of white children from two parent households 

State/Local Study Participants 

- No children were enrolled in the programs before the age of three 
- Part-day programs 
- Head Start programs had broader missions: improving health and nutrition, and providing services to parents
- Larger group sizes 
- Poor teacher pay 
- Variation in the quality of education 

Arizona State University

36 studies were divided into two categories: 
- 15 studies researchers developed their own ECCE programs to study the effects of exemplary, or model programs 
- 21 studies researchers studied the effects of on-going, large-scale public ECCE programs 

In the 21 studies: 
-  Five examined state or local programs 
-  Five examined children who attended Head Start, state, or local programs  
-  Eleven examined Head Start programs 

Division of the Research Studies 


  W. Steven Barnett. (1995). Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602366


The Long Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes 

These 15 Model ECCE programs were generally of higher quality than public programs. They tend to have higher qualified staff, closer supervision, lower child-staff ratio, and smaller group sizes. They varied in services offered. Most offered home visits and tons of other parent support and developmental programs. 

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