- In all studies, children/families were from low-income
- Considerable ethnic diversity
- Most were minorities from single parent households but substantial amount of white children from two parent households 

Arizona State University

- No children were enrolled in the programs before the age of three 
- Part-day programs 
- Head Start programs had broader missions: improving health and nutrition, and providing services to parents
- Larger group sizes 
- Poor teacher pay 
- Variation in the quality of education 

Head Start, State, and Local Programs


  W. Steven Barnett. (1995). Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602366


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