The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in cardiovascular physiology by maintaining blood pressure, controlling blood volume, regulating sodium concentration in the plasma, and keeping the electrolytes balanced.  When homeostasis is perturbed, the RAS can cause inflammation and structural remodeling of the tissue.  This can lead to vascular, renal, and cardiac damage.

Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS)

The human gut is home to many types of bacteria that produce metabolites that are used to maintain homeostasis in various physiological processes, including:

- vitamin synthesis
- pathogen protection
- immunological development
- intestinal angiogenesis
- intestinal epithelium cell development

Every person has a unique and dynamic niche of microorganisms in their gut.  If the microbiota harbors harmful pathobionts or if keystone species that regulate the ecological community become threatened in some way, a condition known as microbial dysbiosis develops.  

Gut Microbiota in Homeostasis

The lung microbiota consists of microbes originating from the upper respiratory tract that migrate deeper into the respiratory system.  These microorganisms are controlled by immunological responses as well as competition from preexisting microbes.  The homeostasis involved in maintaining the lung microbiota is important in preventing and mitigating respiratory diseases.  For example, cystic fibrosis and asthma are both respiratory diseases where there is an increase in the diversity or number of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract.  

Lung Microbiota in Homeostasis

- Cytokines impact the homeostasis of iron in the body
- Cytokines, such as IL-6, are released into the bloodstream
- HAMP regulates iron levels by using FPN1 to increase iron intake by liver cells, macrophages, and anemic cells that are inflamed due to COVID-19
- CQ/HCG disrupts iron homeostasis, but lowers cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients
- Cytokines prevents absorption of iron in the intestine
- By lowering cytokine levels, CQ/HCG can prevent inflammation and bring irons levels back to normal


Iron Homeostasis and COVID-19

The tendency in body systems to maintain a stable environment.  When homeostasis is disturbed, the body works to return itself to what it considers stable via negative feedback loops.  

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University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Genetics and Inheritance
- Immune response
- Maintaining homeostasis
- Neuroscience (Neurobiology)
- Organs

Focuses of Human physiology

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/homeostasis


Homeostasis

The scientific field of study of nervous system function and development. The human nervous system is comprised of the central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral  (nerves and ganglia branching from brain and spinal cord) nervous systems. These are referred to as the CNS and PNS, respectively.

Neuroscience (Neurobiology)

The mechanisms by which an organism eliminates pathogenic microbes and allergenic or toxic proteins, collectively known as antigens, in order to maintain normal function.  

Immune Response

Human Organs

The scientific field of study of traits and their passage from parents to offspring. Humans inherit 23 chromosomes from the father, and 23 from the mother. These 23 pairs of chromosomes consist of 22 autosomal chromosome pairs and one sex chromosome pair. The physical unit of inheritance is a gene, comprised of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) segments.

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