Intersectionality examines the experiences of people who are experiencing discrimination on the basis of two or more marginalized identities at the same time, and how this differs from experiencing discrimnination on the basis of these identities individually.  Because of this depending on context, we all have areas where we experience privilege, as well as areas of oppression

For example, the stereotypes or preconceived notions held about black women are not merely a combination of those held about black people and those held about women, but a unique intersection of racism and sexism that black women experience differently from either black men or white women.

Intersectionality

Analyze the following scenario to identify the most probable underlying reason for the underutilization of the mental health services. Based on your analysis, propose one specific, actionable change the center could make to its resources to better serve this community.

Community Mental Health Outreach

 It can be hard for minority groups to find someone who understands their needs AND specific cultural factors (see child node about intersectionality).

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1. Cultural Stigma
2. Understanding symptoms
3. Community Support
4. Resources

Four Ways Culture Impacts Mental Health

Ethnic minorities encounter a range of obstacles when seeking mental health care. These barriers can be categorized into several areas, including systemic issues within healthcare institutions, cultural factors such as stigma and differing views on mental illness, and a lack of culturally competent resources and providers.

Barriers to Mental Health Services for Ethnic Minorities

Mental Health First Aid USA. (2019, July 11). Four Ways Culture Impacts Mental Health. Mental Health First Aid. https://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/2019/07/four-ways-culture-impacts-mental-health/

Mental Health First Aid: Four Ways Culture Impacts Mental Health

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

1. Mental Health First Aid
2. Understanding Intersectionality in Health Psychology
3. School-Based Mental Health for Asian American Immigrant Youth: Perceptions and Recommendations

Add references as needed.

References for Cultural Risk Factors

- School-Based Mental Health for Asian American Immigrant Youth: Perceptions and Recommendations

Add more research as needed.

Research for Cultural Risk Factors

Each culture will look at mental health differently.

How Culture Impacts Mental Health: Cultural Stigma

Cultures look at symptoms differently too, which can impact not only if someone chooses to talk about it but also if they recognize what they are going through.

How Culture Impacts Mental Health: Understanding Symptoms

 Stigma in cultures can make someone feel alone when finding support. Someone's family and community will each have their own opinions about mental health support.

How Culture Impacts Mental Health: Community Support.

How Culture Impacts Mental Health: Resources

- Good clinical services are mostly not available.
- Black patients are mostly offered custodial care and medication, while white patients are more likely to be offered psychotherapy. 
- Latin/Hispanic and Asian patients are not assigned to more intensive therapy but rather supportive therapy. 

Minority Patient Challenges

When seeking mental health treatment language barriers can be a significant obstacle towards bettering an individuals health. If a patient and healthcare professional are unable to communicate effectively it can lead to misunderstandings, misdiagnoses, and a lack of trust.

Language Barriers in Psychological Care

Asian Americans are often viewed as successful academically, financially, and socially. In other words, they are seen as what other minorities should aspire to be, as a as model minority. This means that they are able to succeed due to their hard work and efforts. However, this stereotype heavily influences the perception people have of Asian Americans and their mental health. Due to their being seen as perfect citizens, Asian Americans are less likely to seek help for their mental health. In addition, they may be perceived as less likely to struggle with mental health than other demographics.
 
A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 425 college students. The students were given vignettes about Asian Americans and White Americans struggling with different DSM-5-classified mental illnesses. The participants were presented with two rounds of vignettes. The first round of vignettes had no racial differences or priming for the model minority stereotype, while the second round did. After listening to the vignettes, the participants were asked to fill out questionnaires about whether they believed the people in the vignettes needed help with their mental health illnesses and their ability to function properly with their respective illnesses.
 
The findings showed that race had no significance, meaning they did not perceive Asian Americans as being able to function better. However, after including the model minority, the participants believed the individuals in the vignettes had higher functioning. The findings reveal that despite race, people attribute a group’s success to other areas of their lives as well. In regards to Asian Americans, this contributes to their being neglected and overlooked in conversations about mental health.


The Impact of the Model Minority Stereotype of on the Mental Health of Asian Americans 

Statistical data indicates that ethnic minorities in the United States utilize mental health services at a lower rate compared to White, middle-class Americans. This disparity in service use is a significant issue in mental healthcare.

Lower Mental Health Service Utilization by Ethnic Minorities

One potential explanation for lower mental health service utilization among ethnic minorities and individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) involves practical barriers to access. These obstacles include a lack of health insurance, inadequate transportation, and insufficient time to attend appointments.

Access and Availability Barriers for Minorities

An individual's personal perceptions and attitudes toward mental health care can be a significant factor contributing to the disparity in service utilization, separate from practical barriers like access or cost.

Influence of Perceptions and Attitudes on Mental Health Service Use

In place of formal mental health treatment, many African Americans turn to other sources of support, such as relying on their own self-sufficiency or engaging in spiritual practices.

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