University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

TCP maintains reliability during data transfer through sequence tracking, packet retransmission, and congestion control:
- Because TCP assigns sequential numbers to each outgoing packet, the destination device can immediately detect gaps in the received sequence.
- When a packet is lost, no acknowledgment is returned to the sender, signaling packet loss and prompting the sender to retransmit only the missing packet.
- When packet loss occurs as a result of network congestion, TCP automatically reduces its transmission rate to alleviate traffic load, gradually accelerating back up as network conditions improve.

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