Current Treatments:

- Xywav (Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium Oxybates)
- Stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil)
- Clonidine
- Levodopa 
- Bromocriptine
- Antidepressants
-  Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Changes in diet and social activities (avoiding night shifts and events that delay bedtime)

Current Treatments for Hypersomnia

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Hypersomnia. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved January 4, 2023, from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/hypersomnia#:~:text=Publications-,Definition,sleepiness%20or%20prolonged%20nighttime%20sleep. 

Hypersomnia

Symptoms of Hypersomnia include:

- Constant, recurrent episodes of extreme daytime sleepiness
- Sleeping longer than average (10 or more hours) and still being very sleepy during the day as well as having difficulty remaining awake during the day
- Difficulty waking up in the morning (“sleep drunkenness”) or after daytime naps, while sometimes appearing confused or combative.
- Daytime naps don’t lead to improved alertness but are instead unrefreshing and nonrestorative
- Anxiety, irritability
- Decreased energy
- Restlessness
- Slow thinking, slow speech, inability to focus/concentrate, memory problems
- Headaches
- Loss of appetite
- Hallucinations

Hypersomnia Symptoms

Although the causes of Hypersomnia are not clear yet, scientists are currently studying the roles of various neurotransmitters (specifically hypocretin/orexin, dopamine, histamine, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain and spinal cord. Genetic ties are also being currently studied as family history is present in up to 39% of people with idiopathic hypersomnia. The impact of the genes associated with the circadian rhythm are also being studied (genes that may be different for those that have idiopathic hypersomnia).

Causes of Hypersomnia

The DSM-5 diagnoses hypersomnolence when all three criteria are met: (A) Self-reported excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period of at least 7 hours, plus at least one of: recurrent lapses into sleep within the same day; a prolonged main sleep of more than 9 hours that is nonrestorative/unrefreshing; or difficulty being fully awake after an abrupt awakening. (B) The excessive sleepiness occurs at least three times per week for at least 3 months. (C) It causes significant distress or impairment in cognitive, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Hypersomnia

A sleep-wake disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep (10 or more hours), occurring despite adequate sleep duration and persisting long enough to impair daily functioning.

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-	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
-	Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
-	Bipolar Related Disorders
-	Depressive Disorders
-	Anxiety Disorders
-	Obsessive Compulsive & Related Disorders
-	Trauma- & Stressor- Related Disorders
-	Dissociative Disorders
-	Somatic Symptoms & Related Disorders
-	Feeding and Eating Disorders
-	Elimination Disorders
-	Sleep-Wake Disorders
-	Sexual Dysfunction
-	Gender Dysphoria
-	Disruptive, Impulse-Control, & Conduct Disorders
-	Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders
-	Neurocognitive Disorders
-	Personality Disorders
-	Paraphilic Disorders
-	Other Mental Disorders
-	Medication-Induced Movement Disorders & Other Adverse Effects of Medication
-	Other Conditions That May be a Focus of Clinical Attention


DSM-V Chapters

A type of neurodevelopmental disorder that is accompanied by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tics.

Tourette Syndrome

This is a type of elimination disorder. Encopresis is the repeated passing of stool, that is usually involuntary, into clothing.

Encopresis

A second type of elimination disorder listed in DSM 5. Enuresis is also called urinary incontinence and results from the loss of bladder control ( in a patient who is old enough to control their bladder).

Enuresis 

Anxiety disorders are characterized by features of excessive fear and anxiety, as well as related behavioral disturbances. These symptoms are often not temporary and linger beyond typical expectations. Excessiveness of these symptoms is clinician diagnosed with cultural contexts taken into consideration.

Anxiety Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a class of conditions typically identified in childhood, characterized by developmental impairments across personal, social, academic, and intellectual domains. Key examples within this category include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder.

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