The DSM-5-TR categorizes Neurodevelopmental Disorders into the following categories:
-	Intellectual Developmental Disorders
-	Communication Disorders
-	Autism Spectrum Disorder(s)
-	Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder(s)
-	Specific Learning Disorder(s)
-	Motor Disorders
-	Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders


[DSM-5-TR] List of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Categories

This includes the intersection of connections and/or research related to Neurodevelopmental Disorders as a general category in other fields of study and research. Such fields include:
- Biomedical Science
- Clinical Psychology
- Disability Studies
- Health Psychology

(Note: Add additional fields as needed)

Interdisciplinary Connections & Research Related to Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has two components: problems with concentration and distractibility (attention), and problems with restlessness and impulse control (hyperactivity).

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- Definition 
-Causes 
- Symptoms 
- Leisure hobbies and events
- Workforce
*Resources

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by significant disturbances in three primary domains: social interaction, communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests. These characteristics typically emerge early in a child's development and lead to serious impairments in overall functioning.

Core Diagnostic Features of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder often exhibit deficits in social interaction. These can manifest as a failure to initiate conversations, turning away when addressed, and avoiding eye contact. A preference for playing alone over interacting with others is also common, sometimes creating the impression that the individual lives in a personal, isolated social world.

Social Interaction Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Communication deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder can vary widely. They may range from a complete absence of speech to limited, one-word responses or echoed speech (echolalia), where an individual parrots what others say. Difficulties also arise in maintaining conversational turn-taking and in using or interpreting nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and posture.

Communication Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Given the following case study, identify which general category of psychological disorders is most likely being considered and explain your reasoning by connecting the patient's symptoms to the defining features of that category.

Applying Diagnostic Characteristics

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a class of conditions typically identified in childhood, characterized by developmental impairments across personal, social, academic, and intellectual domains. Key examples within this category include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder.

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Section II of the DSM-5-TR covers the bulk of the manual by including the descriptive text and criteria for each diagnosis. This section also references relevant context and research for the diagnoses and other conditions, medication-related adverse effects and -induced disorders, and corresponding ICD-10 codes. This section is broken down into the following chapters: 

-	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
-	Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
-	Bipolar and Related Disorders
-	Depressive Disorders
-	Anxiety Disorders
-	Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
-	Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
-	Dissociative Disorders
-	Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
-	Feeding and Eating Disorders
-	Elimination Disorders
-	Sleep-Wake Disorders
-	Sexual Dysfunctions
-	Gender Dysphoria 
-	Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
-	Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
-	Neurocognitive Disorders
-	Personality Disorders
-	Paraphilic Disorder
-	Other Mental Disorders and Additional Codes
-	Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication
-	Other Conditions that May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention


[DSM-5-TR] Section II: Diagnostic Criteria and Codes

-	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
-	Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
-	Bipolar Related Disorders
-	Depressive Disorders
-	Anxiety Disorders
-	Obsessive Compulsive & Related Disorders
-	Trauma- & Stressor- Related Disorders
-	Dissociative Disorders
-	Somatic Symptoms & Related Disorders
-	Feeding and Eating Disorders
-	Elimination Disorders
-	Sleep-Wake Disorders
-	Sexual Dysfunction
-	Gender Dysphoria
-	Disruptive, Impulse-Control, & Conduct Disorders
-	Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders
-	Neurocognitive Disorders
-	Personality Disorders
-	Paraphilic Disorders
-	Other Mental Disorders
-	Medication-Induced Movement Disorders & Other Adverse Effects of Medication
-	Other Conditions That May be a Focus of Clinical Attention


DSM-V Chapters

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

DSM-5

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Disorder Class: Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
1. Aggression to people and  animals
2. Destruction of property
3. Deceitfulness or theft
4. Serious violations of rules
 
The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
 
If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder
 
Specify age onset:  Individuals show at least one symptom characteristic of conduct disorder prior to age 10 years

[DSM-5] Conduct Disorder Criteria

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is primarily defined by a pervasive pattern of instability across interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, combined with significant impulsivity. Individuals with this disorder often experience intense emotions and may engage in frantic behaviors to manage their profound fear of abandonment.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A personality disorder is defined by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that significantly deviates from cultural norms, causing problems for the individual and for others. This pattern typically emerges during adolescence or early adulthood and leads to significant distress or functional impairment.

Personality Disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders are characterized by persistent changes to eating or eating-related behaviors that result in altered consumption or absorption of food, significantly impairing an individual’s physical health and/or psychosocial functioning. 

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Neurocognitive Disorders are a group of disorders characterized by the primary clinical deficit of the individual being in cognitive functioning that is acquired, not developmental. These disorders have a strongly recognized and researched disease etiology to them making them a unique intersection between psychiatry and pathology. 

Neurocognitive Disorders

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders are characterized by abusing the activation of the brain reward system through certain behaviors or the use of pharmacological substances. This often results in a sense of increased pleasure, or a “high”, encouraging reinforcement of behaviors and actions that are detrimental to or neglectful of daily activities. Due to insufficient research, repetitive behaviors that have been coined as behavioral addictions (e.g., sex addiction, exercise addiction, or shopping addiction) are excluded from this chapter.

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

According to the DSM-5, Depressive Disorders constitute a primary category of mood disorders characterized by depression as their central feature. This group of disorders is recognized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable moods, along with associated somatic and cognitive changes that significantly impair an individual's ability to function. The specific disorders within this category can vary in their duration, timing, and presumed causes.

Depressive Disorders

Sleep-Wake Disorders are defined using a multidimensional approach due to the expectations for co-existing or comorbid diagnosis in both mental and neurological health. They are largely characterized by individual’s interpretation of having dissatisfying sleep quality, timing, or amount of sleep. These complaints are often expressed alongside issues of distress or impairment during expected daytime activities. 

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Sexual Dysfunctions are characterized by clinically significant disturbances related to an individual’s ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure. This requires a multidimensional approach to diagnoses by considering the biological, sociological, and psychological factors that influence the ways in which individuals experience sex. However, these disorders, do not include sexual dysfunctions that are a result of inadequate or a lack of stimulation or knowledge which may still be treated, but are not diagnosed.

Sexual Dysfunctions

Gender Dysphoria is characterized by the subjectively experienced distress that arises from the mismatch between gender identity, or internally felt sense of gender, and assigned sex at birth.

Gender Dysphoria

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are a group of conditions listed in the DSM-5 that are characterized by overlapping features, specifically the presence of intrusive thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. This diagnostic category encompasses several distinct but related conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder.

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Bipolar and Related Disorders are recognized by unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration, affecting the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. The presence of mania is a defining trait of bipolar disorder. These shifts range from periods of manic episodes (being extremely “up”, elated, irritable, or energized) and depressive episodes (being very “down”, indifferent, or hopeless).

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Elimination Disorders are characterized by inappropriate elimination of either urine or feces. These disorders are typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence but are based on developmental age rather than chronological age.

Elimination Disorders

A node to help create and move other nodes around

TEMP Node for DSM 

Dissociative Disorders are characterized by the disruption and/or discontinuity in the integration of consciousness, memory, motor control, perception, body representation, emotion, identity, and behavior. These symptoms can be applicable to all areas of psychological functioning and are typically experienced as unbidden intrusions into one’s awareness and behavior. This coincides with a loss of continuity in the subjective experience of the individual and/or the inability to access information or to control mental functions. 

Dissociative Disorders

Anxiety disorders are characterized by features of excessive fear and anxiety, as well as related behavioral disturbances. These symptoms are often not temporary and linger beyond typical expectations. Excessiveness of these symptoms is clinician diagnosed with cultural contexts taken into consideration.

Anxiety Disorders

Paraphilic Disorders are characterized by those paraphilias that result in distress or impairment to the individual, or, for the satisfaction of the individual, entail harm, or risk of harm, themselves or to others. Simply having a paraphilia does not meet the requirements for a diagnosis of a paraphilic disorder. 

Paraphilic Disorders

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders are characterized by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event. Symptoms and reactions vary for each case and while they may be understood in an anxiety- or fear-based context, individuals often instead prominently display anhedonic, dysphoric, dissociative, and/or aggressive symptoms. This variability in the display of symptoms imposes a distinction from other similar disorders, which then also requires that for one to be diagnosed with a trauma- and stressor-disorder, they specifically must have had explicit exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders are a group of conditions characterized by problems related to the self-control of emotions and behaviors. These disorders are distinct from other disorders with emotional or behavioral regulation due to the nature that these problems result in violations of the rights of others and/or significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures. These disorders and their presentation can greatly vary within the category, as well as between individuals. 


Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders are recognized through abnormalities occurring within at least one of five domains. These domains include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders are characterized by the presence of prominent somatic symptoms as well as the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors in response to the somatic symptoms. These symptoms and the response to them result in significant distress and impairment to the individual. The symptoms themselves may sometimes be less important than the way individuals will present and interpret them.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

A type of neurodevelopmental disorder that is accompanied by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tics.

Tourette Syndrome

A type of sleep-wake disorder that is defined by recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness or augmented nighttime sleep.

Hypersomnia

This is a type of elimination disorder. Encopresis is the repeated passing of stool, that is usually involuntary, into clothing.

Encopresis

A second type of elimination disorder listed in DSM 5. Enuresis is also called urinary incontinence and results from the loss of bladder control ( in a patient who is old enough to control their bladder).

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