Intellectual Developmental Disorders (Intellectual Disabilities) are recognized through deficits in general mental abilities. These include reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience. These deficits can result in impairments of adaptive functioning, causing the individual to not meet standards of personal independence and social responsibility in one or more aspects of daily life. These aspects include communication, social participation, academic or occupational functioning, and personal independence at home or within the community. 

Intellectual Developmental Disorders

Communication Disorders are recognized for a deficit in, speech, language, and/or communication while considering cultural contexts that may influence these aspects. 
- Deficits in speech refer to the production of sounds which includes articulation, fluency, voice, and resonance quality. 
- Deficits in language refer to the form, function, and use of a conventional set of symbols for communication. 
- Deficits in communication refer to any verbal or nonverbal behavior that influences the behavior, ideas, or attitudes of another individual. 


Communication Disorders

Motor disorders are problems with movement and start in the developmental stages. Examples include significant delays in reaching motor milestones (like tying shoes or using the stairs); repetitive movements; or physical or verbal tics. This can have physical and social implications. 

Motor Disorders

A diagnosis of Specific Learning Disorder is recognized when there are specific deficits that affect an individual’s ability to perceive or process information, for learning/academic purposes, efficiently and/or accurately. These diagnoses are recognized primarily by the learning environment by way of assessments or tests used to measure a performance level in different learning fields. 

Specific Learning Disorder(s)

Autism Spectrum Disorder, commonly called just autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts how people interact with others, as well as their ability to communicate, learn, and behave. While there are variations in the type and severity of symptoms presented among individuals with autism, they are classified as a singular spectrum disorder (Autism Spectrum Disorder) for diagnostic purposes.

Autism Spectrum Disorder(s)

This category of disorders encompasses situations in which symptoms related to neurodevelopment result in similar impairments in social, occupational, or other areas of predominant functioning, but do not meet criteria to be diagnosed with any specific disorder. 

Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The DSM-5-TR categorizes Neurodevelopmental Disorders into the following categories:
-	Intellectual Developmental Disorders
-	Communication Disorders
-	Autism Spectrum Disorder(s)
-	Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder(s)
-	Specific Learning Disorder(s)
-	Motor Disorders
-	Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders


Neurodevelopmental disorders are a class of conditions typically identified in childhood, characterized by developmental impairments across personal, social, academic, and intellectual domains. Key examples within this category include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., Text revision). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

DSM-5-TR

[DSM-5-TR] List of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Categories

This includes the intersection of connections and/or research related to Neurodevelopmental Disorders as a general category in other fields of study and research. Such fields include:
- Biomedical Science
- Clinical Psychology
- Disability Studies
- Health Psychology

(Note: Add additional fields as needed)

Interdisciplinary Connections & Research Related to Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has two components: problems with concentration and distractibility (attention), and problems with restlessness and impulse control (hyperactivity).

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- Definition 
-Causes 
- Symptoms 
- Leisure hobbies and events
- Workforce
*Resources

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by significant disturbances in three primary domains: social interaction, communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests. These characteristics typically emerge early in a child's development and lead to serious impairments in overall functioning.

Core Diagnostic Features of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder often exhibit deficits in social interaction. These can manifest as a failure to initiate conversations, turning away when addressed, and avoiding eye contact. A preference for playing alone over interacting with others is also common, sometimes creating the impression that the individual lives in a personal, isolated social world.

Social Interaction Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Communication deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder can vary widely. They may range from a complete absence of speech to limited, one-word responses or echoed speech (echolalia), where an individual parrots what others say. Difficulties also arise in maintaining conversational turn-taking and in using or interpreting nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and posture.

Communication Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Given the following case study, identify which general category of psychological disorders is most likely being considered and explain your reasoning by connecting the patient's symptoms to the defining features of that category.

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