The DSM-5-TR consolidates Autism and related symptoms into one singular disorder:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder


[DSM-5-TR] List of Autism Spectrum Disorder(s) Diagnoses

This list includes disorders or conditions that are related to autism or autistic states/features but are not currently directly or officially included in the DSM. These disorders include:

- Williams Syndrome
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Landau - Kleffner Syndrome
- Prader - Willi Syndrome
- Angelman Syndrome
- Rett Syndrome
- Tardive Dyskinesia


List of Other Recognized Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders

This list includes different types of methods for treating and/or managing different autism spectrum and related disorders. These include:
-	TBD



Treatment & Management Methods for Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders

This list includes different theories or concepts that are used to explain, define, or otherwise provide further insight into the workings of autism spectrum and related disorders. These include:
- TBD

Note: There is a separate subsequent node specifically for theories & concepts that are outdated and/or discredited. 

Theories & Concepts Relevant to Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders

This includes the intersection of connections and/or research related to autism spectrum and related disorders as a general category in other fields of study and research. Such fields include:
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Biomedical Science
- Clinical Psychology
- Disability Studies
- Health Psychology
- Mindfulness

Note: Add subjects as needed


Interdisciplinary Connections & Research Related to Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders, General

The collection of references for node pertaining to Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders.

References for Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders

Autism stigmatization and peer communication references 

Rachel A Smith, a professor of communication Arts and sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, defines stigma as a set of beliefs regarding a specific social group that fosters a negative image amongst the general population. The stigmatization of Autism can be explored using Smith’s model of stigma communication (MSC). 

Autism Stigmatization

Early Intervention for ASD-Diagnosed Youth References

Early Intervention is a network of resources to assist infants and toddlers with developmental delays or disabilities up until the age of three. The objectives of Early Intervention are to facilitate development progress in social engagement and competence, cognitive skills, independence, and functional communication. 

Early Intervention for Autism

Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders

Biological motion is defined as movements made by living things. Some social interactions occur via biological motion. For example, reaching out one's hand for a handshake is a common form of biological motion.

Biological Motion

Non-biological motion is defined as movements made by non-living things, such as a ball bouncing on the ground or a car driving on the road.

Non-biological Motion

* Theory of double empathy
* Origins of term/theory
* Research
* Debate
* References

Double Empathy

The structural abnormalities in an autistic brain may have to do with the rate at which certain parts of the brain grow and develop. Anatomical findings show that the regions of the brain such as the frontal lobe and the amygdala develop prematurely in autistc children. When parts of the brain of the brain develop of of sequence, it can cause serious problems for the growth patterns of adjajcent regions.

Autism and the Timing of Brain Development

Autism Spectrum Disorder, commonly called just autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts how people interact with others, as well as their ability to communicate, learn, and behave. While there are variations in the type and severity of symptoms presented among individuals with autism, they are classified as a singular spectrum disorder (Autism Spectrum Disorder) for diagnostic purposes.

University of California, Davis

Hofstra University

Google

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction programs adapted for adults with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers (mainly parents) showed an increase in subjective wellbeing and related mental health issues plus a further increase when participants came back in for a follow up.  A mindfulness based intervention called MYmind was adapted for adolescents (ages 8-19) and their parents.  Children showed improvements in social communication problems, emotional and behavioral functioning whereas parents improved in terms of parenting and parental mindful awareness.  Both these studies show that mindfulness-based programs can improve both autism spectrum disorder symptoms and common comorbid emotional and behavioral problems while also offering support for families.

Mindfulness and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The DSM-5-TR categorizes Neurodevelopmental Disorders into the following categories:
-	Intellectual Developmental Disorders
-	Communication Disorders
-	Autism Spectrum Disorder(s)
-	Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder(s)
-	Specific Learning Disorder(s)
-	Motor Disorders
-	Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders


[DSM-5-TR] List of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Categories

National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Autism spectrum disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd 

Autism spectrum disorder

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., Text revision). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

DSM-5-TR

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Autism Spectrum Disorder(s)

Intellectual Developmental Disorders (Intellectual Disabilities) are recognized through deficits in general mental abilities. These include reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience. These deficits can result in impairments of adaptive functioning, causing the individual to not meet standards of personal independence and social responsibility in one or more aspects of daily life. These aspects include communication, social participation, academic or occupational functioning, and personal independence at home or within the community. 

Intellectual Developmental Disorders

Communication Disorders are recognized for a deficit in, speech, language, and/or communication while considering cultural contexts that may influence these aspects. 
- Deficits in speech refer to the production of sounds which includes articulation, fluency, voice, and resonance quality. 
- Deficits in language refer to the form, function, and use of a conventional set of symbols for communication. 
- Deficits in communication refer to any verbal or nonverbal behavior that influences the behavior, ideas, or attitudes of another individual. 


Communication Disorders

Motor disorders are problems with movement and start in the developmental stages. Examples include significant delays in reaching motor milestones (like tying shoes or using the stairs); repetitive movements; or physical or verbal tics. This can have physical and social implications. 

Motor Disorders

A diagnosis of Specific Learning Disorder is recognized when there are specific deficits that affect an individual’s ability to perceive or process information, for learning/academic purposes, efficiently and/or accurately. These diagnoses are recognized primarily by the learning environment by way of assessments or tests used to measure a performance level in different learning fields. 

Specific Learning Disorder(s)

This category of disorders encompasses situations in which symptoms related to neurodevelopment result in similar impairments in social, occupational, or other areas of predominant functioning, but do not meet criteria to be diagnosed with any specific disorder. 

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