Social presence has a positive effect on cognitive presence.

San Jose State University

 SEM (Standard Error of Mean) was used to analyze the causation among the variables

Hypotheses:
- H1: Teaching presence has a positive effect on social and cognitive presence.
- H2: Social presence has a positive effect on cognitive presence.
- H3:Teaching, social and cognitive presence, and perceived usefulness and ease of use have positive effects on learner satisfaction.
- H4: Teaching, social and cognitive presence, perceived usefulness and ease of use, and learner satisfaction have positive effects on learner persistence.
- H5: Teaching presence has an indirect, positive effect on cognitive presence, mediated by social presence.
- H6: Teaching, social and cognitive presence, and perceived usefulness and ease of use have indirect, positive effects on learner persistence, mediated by learner satisfaction.

Hypothesized Research Model

Joo, Y. J., Lim, K. Y., & Kim, E. K. (2011). Online university students satisfaction and persistence: Examining perceived level of presence, usefulness and ease of use as predictors in a structural model. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1654-1664. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.02.008

Online university students satisfaction and persistence: Examining perceived level of presence, usefulness and ease of use as predictors in a structural model

Teaching presence has a positive effect on social and cognitive presence.

Hypothesis 1: Teaching Presence Effect

Hypothesis 2: Social Presence Effect

Teaching, social and cognitive presence, and perceived usefulness and ease of use have positive effects on learner satisfaction.

Hypothesis 3: Effects of Perceived Presence & Use on Satisfaction

Teaching, social and cognitive presence, perceived usefulness and ease of use, and learner satisfaction have positive effects on learner persistence.

Hypothesis 4: Effects of Perceived Presence & Use on Persistence.

Teaching presence has an indirect, positive effect on cognitive presence, mediated by social presence.

Hypothesis 5: Effect of Teaching Presence & Mediation of Social Presence

Teaching, social and cognitive presence, and perceived usefulness and ease of use have indirect, positive effects on learner persistence, mediated by learner satisfaction.

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