IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has fever-inducing pyrogenic effects, is able to stimulate CD4+ and T cells, and facilitates the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells.  This cytokine can be produced by monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, hepatocytes, and tissue macrophages in tissues throughout the body primarily in response to microbial antigens.  

IL-1β

An IL-1 family cytokine binds to an IL-1 receptor (IL-1R).  The signal is transmitted via the TIR adaptor MyD88 which causes IL-1R associated kinases (IRAKs) to migrate towards the receptor.  When activated, IRAKs prompt the protein TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to be polyubiquitinated, that is, to cause many ubiquitins to bind to it.  Polyubiquitinated TRAF6 interacts with the TAK1 unit of a TAK1-TAB1-TAB2 complex which causes the IκBα unit of NF-κB to become phosphorylated and dissociate from the rest of the subunits.  The phosphorylated IκBα is eventually degraded, but the remaining two subunits of  NF-κB can be phosphorylated and act as a transcription factor for pro-inflammatory genes.  Besides prompting NF-κB dependent gene expression, the TAK1-TAB1-TAB2 complex can activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), JNK and p38 by phosphorylating them.  Activated JNK and p38 can go on to activate transcription factors such as AP1, CHP, and ATF2 which can also promote the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes.  

IL-1 Family Signaling Pathway

The IL-1 family of cytokines is primarily produced by macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.  These molecules target other B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells to promote a fever-like pyrogenic response, inflammation, and cell development - especially in bone marrow.  Members of this family include:

- IL-1α
- IL-1β
- IL-1ra
- IL-18
- IL-33
- IL-36α
- IL-36β
- IL-36γ
- IL-36Ra
- IL-37
- IL-1Hy2

Michigan State University

Interleukins

Turner, M. D., Nedjai, B., Hurst, T., & Pennington, D. J. (2014). Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1843(11), 2563-2582.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488914001967
doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014

Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease

The IL-6 family of cytokines are primary produced by T helper cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts to target activated B cells and plasma cells.  These molecules promote the differentiation of plasma cells and to stimulate IgG production.  Members of this family include:

- IL-6
- IL-11
- IL-31
- CNTF
- CT-1
- LIF
- OPN
- OSM

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