https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html

Pillow Documentation

The most important class in Pillow is the Image class. Instances of the Image class can be created by loading images from files, processing preexisting images, or by making images from scratch.
The most common approach is to load an image from a file using the open() function:
```python
Image.open(filepath)
```
The open() function will return an Image object if successful. Otherwise, an OSError exception is raised if the file can't be found.

Image Class (Pillow)

Color modes are strings that refer to the the type and depth of pixels in an image. They are a property of images and they are also used in function arguments. Color modes are measured in bits, referring to how much data can be stored in a pixel. Color modes that support a larger number of bits can store more data, and thus more color, in a pixel.
There are many color modes in Pillow, but the most common ones are the following:
- "1" - 1-bit pixels. Black-and-white only.
- "L" - 8-bit pixels. Grayscale.
- "RGB" - 3x8-bit pixels. Separates a pixel into primary colors. Full color.
- "RGBA" - 4x8-bit pixels. RGB with transparency support.
- "CMYK" - 4x8-bit pixels. Alternate way to separate a pixel into primary colors.

Color Modes

Images consist of one or more bands of data. Pillow lets an image contain multiple bands if said bands have the same resolution and bit depth. The types of bands seen in an image depend on the type of image. For example, a PNG image will have bands for red, blue, green, and alpha (transparency). A pixel in an image will have a value in each band assigned to it.

Bands (Pillow)

The ImageDraw class allows for generating simple 2D graphics. It can be used for creating new images, or annotating/retouching existing images.
The central function of an ImageDraw object is the ImageDraw.Draw() function. This creates an object that can be used for drawing inside an image given through an argument.
```python
d = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
```

ImageDraw Class (Pillow)

The ImageChops class contains functions for channel operations, known as chops, for images. Chops involve arithmetical operations that involve the channels of an image and take one or two images as arguments. Most of these functions only support 8-bit image color modes.
ImageChops has functions that supports the following chops, those familiar with photo editing may recognize these terms:
- Add
- Blend
- Composite
- Constant
- Darker
- Difference
- Duplicate
- Invert
- Lighter
- Logical AND
- Logical OR
- Logical XOR
- Multiply
- Soft Light
- Hard Light
- Overlay
- Offset
- Screen
- Subtract

ImageChops Class (Pillow)

ImageOps contains a number of image processing operations. This is similar to ImageChops, but isn't necessarily limited to channel operations. Like ImageChops, most of these operations only work on images of 8-bit color modes.
These operations include:
- Auto Contrast
- Colorize
- Contain
- Pad
- Crop
- Scale
- Deform
- Equalize
- Expand
- Fit
- Flip
- Grayscale
- Invert
- Mirror
- Posterize
- Solarize

ImageOps Class (Pillow)

The ImageGrab class allows for copying the contents of the screen or the computer's clipboard, if an image is in the clipboard.
There are only two functions, ImageGrab.grab() and ImageGrab.grabcllipboard().
ImageGrab.grab() takes a snapshot of the screen when given the bounding box to snapshot, and returns and image object.
```python
image = ImageGrab.grab(region)
```
ImageGrab.grabclipboard() takes the image in the system's clipboard and returns an image object.
```python
image = ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
```

ImageGrab Class (Pillow)

The ImageMath Class provides an eval() function that can be used for davanced image processing. The eval() function takes an expression in regular Python syntax, and an environment, which is a dictionary mapping names to images.
```python
output = ImageMath.eval(expression, envionment)
```
The expression also supports a number of built-in functions specific to image processing:
- abs(image) - Absolute value of an image
- convert(image, mode) - Convert an image to a specified color mode
- float(image) - Convert an image to a float
- int(image) - Convert an image to a n int
- max(image1, image2) - Maximum value of an image
- min(image1, image2) - Minimum value of an image

ImageMath Class (Pillow)

The ImagePath class stores and manipulates 2-dimensional vectors that correspond to image coordinates. A path object can either be a sequence of 2-tuples or a sequence numeric values. Path objects can be passed to methods in the ImageDraw class.
The ImagePath class also contains a number of functions to modify the path itself, such as the comoact() function to remove points that are close together, or the tolist() function to convert the path to a python list.

ImagePath Class (Pillow)

The ImageShow class is used for displaying images to the system's screen. Images are displayed through objects called viewers. There are a number of default viewers in Pillow, so creating new viewers is not necessary for showing an image.
Showing an image requires the show() function.
```python
ImageShow.show(image)
```
show() returns true if a suitable viewer was found.

ImageShow Class (Pillow)

Pillow is a fork of the discontinued Python Imaging Library (PIL) and is the most popular package for image processing. It allows for the creation, editing, and exporting of images, as well as including support for a large number of image file formats. Pillow is not included with a Python installation and must be installed with a package manager such as pip.

Saint Olaf College

- Virtual Environments
- Package Management
- Python and the Web
- Concurrency and Paralellism
- Deep Learning
- Quantum Computing
- GUI Development
- Popular Tools for Python
- Computer Vision (OpenCV)
- Sorting Algorithms
- Image Processing

Python Programming Advanced Topics

Geeks for Geeks is a website that offers information on a variety of programming languages, tips for coding interviews, and ideas for programming projects:  https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/

Geeks for Geeks Python Programming Language

When working on python projects, using "virtual environments" allows for your project to be run using its own isolated python binary. The packages that this project uses also exist separately from the python packages installed locally on one's system. This allows for greater organization while working within projects.

Virtual Environments

Concurrency and parallelism in Python are mainly handled by 2 built-in modules: Threading and multiprocessing. Threading allows Python to make use of multiple threads in order to speed up programs that are I/O dependent. Alternatively, multiprocessing allows Python to use multiple processes to speed up CPU bound scenarios.

Additionally, web servers, databases, and distributed networks also make use of the asyncio module. Asyncio allows for concurrent code so that the aforementioned systems don't have wait on execution

Concurrency and Paralellism in Python

Python is widely used for deep learning  with various reasons.

1. Python offers concise and readable code.

2. To reduce development time, programmers turn to a number of Python frameworks and libraries like kearas, TensorfFlow, and NumPy.

3.  Python is supported by many platforms including Linux, Windows, and macOS.

4. Python is the language that people Google more than any other.


Deep learning with Python

Quantum computing is an emerging field that appears to be more and more difficult to avoid in a vast number of fields including physics, business, mathematics, chemistry, and more notably, data science. One such aspect of quantum computing that attracts the minds of many, especially data scientists, is its potential in advancing our knowledge in optimization problems. As such, it may be invaluable to understand the basics of quantum computing and how to start quantum programming now, even before the widespread availability of quantum computers. Even better, companies like Google, Microsoft, IBM, Rigetti, and more have developed their own open-source development kits to begin learning quantum computing. One such software package is called QuTip within Python.

Quantum Computing with Python

- Anaconda
- Pycharm
- Jupyter Notebook
- Command-Line Interface (CLI)
- pyenv 
- PyInstaller
- pylint

Popular Tools for Python

When developing python applications, you often need to use libraries or packages that aren't included in python's standard library. In order to keep track of the required packages and libraries that your project depends on, you can make use of a package manager to install packages and manage dependencies. Python's documentation officially recommends the use of pipenv, but other package managers exist as well, such as pip and poetry.

Package Management

Python has an assortment of tools that are interwoven with the Internet. The language is frequently used both for web development and for interacting directly with the web.

Python and the Web

Python currently ranks third in usage behind C and Java. The original Python was developed in the 1980s by Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991. Python 2.0 saw release in 2000. The current Python 3.0 was released in 2008 and represented a major revision emphasizing the design philosophy of code readability. 

Python Usage Statistics and History


OpenCV is a very useful tool for image recognition. It is often used in tandem with machine learning libraries, but also allow for relatively simple image manipulation tools such as rotating, resizing and changing data values. 

The child nodes will break into Basic Tools and Advanced Concepts.

Computer Vision with OpenCV

- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Shell Sort
- Radix Sort
- Bitonic Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Quickselect
- Heap Sort

Sorting & Selection Algorithms

Python is the scripting language of ArcGIS. ArcGIS includes a Python API, ArcPy, that gives users access to all geoprocessing tools as well as scripting functions and specialized modules that help them automate GIS tasks. Users can write scripts that use ArcPy in conjunction with a diverse array of functions provided through Python's standard and third-party libraries. They can execute Python commands and scripts with ArcGIS Notebooks, in the Python window, through script tools, or run Python outside of ArcGIS. However Python is run, the commands work the same way and use the same geoprocessing tools.
#

Geoprocessing with Python

Python libraries are called "modules". They are a reusable chunk of codes that can be included in your programs to provide various functionalities in the form of different objects or functions. For example, there are modules that have functions you can use in your code to test if certain files exist on your hard drive. Likewise,  there are other modules that have functions for implementing web-server or web-browser functionality or to work with images or create charts and graphs; etc.
#
The Python standard library comes with the Python package and installs with it when Python is installed on your computer. 
#
Additionally, there is a growing number of Python's third-party libraries that canbe imported into your scripts to executes tasks that outstrip the limits of the standard library.
#

Python Libraries

This is a Python port of Google's libphonenumber library It supports Python 2.5-2.7 and Python 3.x (in the same codebase, with no 2to3 conversion needed).
Original Java code is Copyright (C) 2009-2015 The Libphonenumber Authors.
Release HISTORY, derived from upstream release notes.

PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/phonenumbers/

phonenumbers Library

Image Processing with Pillow

PyMongo is a Python distribution containing tools for working with MongoDB, and is the recommended way to work with MongoDB from Python. The documentation is referenced below. 

PyMongo Distribution

Python offers many different libraries and frameworks for the development of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Many of these tools can create cross platform GUI applications with varying degrees of customizability. At a base level, these frameworks provide the user the ability to create windows, labels, buttons, and canvases (for drawing things) among other graphical features for their applications.

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