The random.randint function creates a  random integer between 1 and 6, as if throwing a single dice. If your number is 6, the string "Hurray! You win $5" is printed. If your number is 5, the string "Oh! You win nothing in this round. 6 is the winning number; try again" is printed. Otherwise, the string "Oh no! You lose" is printed.
#
import random
#
x = random.randint (1, 6)
#
print (x, "is your random number ...")
#
if x == 6:
#
    print ("Hurray! You win $5")
#
elif x == 5:
#
    print ("Oh! You win nothing in this round. 6 is the winning number; try again")

else:

    print ("Oh no! You lose (°_°)")
#

Having Fun with Conditional Statements in Python

The Python Standard Library offers a wide variety of features for programmers. In addition to facilitating the use of data types, exceptions, and functions, it also allows the programmer to work with more complex concepts like input and output streams, command line arguments, and internet data handling.

This library has an extensive list of modules that can be read about here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/

Python Standard Library

BioPython is a group of modules that are useful for bioinformatics applications.

BioPython

This link leads to a page describing a large overview of BioPython and what it can do : 
http://biopython.org/DIST/docs/tutorial/Tutorial.html

BioPython Tutorial 

This link goes to a pdf of a textbook that explains how python can be used for bioinformatics. On pages 175 to 222 and pages 317 to 391, it specifically goes into an explanation of BioPython : 
http://biology.hunter.cuny.edu/cellbio/Python%EF%80%A8/PYTHON%20FOR%20BIOINFORMATICS.pdf

Bioinformatics Textbook

Python is one of the most loved programming languages and there are many things you can do with it. Here are five of them:
#
Web development: Python has good support for web development with its frameworks like Django, Flask, and others. Generally, developers use JavaScript in the frontend and Python for supporting server-side operations. Python is not used directly in browsers.
#
Automation and Scripting: There are a ton of things that you can automate with as little as four or five lines of Python code. For example, you can convert a CSV to JSON file with one Python command - "import csv, json; print (json.dumps (list (csv.reader (open ('your_csv_file.csv')))))"
#
Building Games: Python supports developing games. Its Pygame library is highly useful. It supports art, music, sound, video, and multimedia projects. You can even make cross-platform games using Kivy, which runs on Windows, Mac, Linux, Android, and iOS.
#
Web Scraping: You see a lot of data every day across multiple sites. Think how cool it would be if you can access that data easily; that is what web scraping is, and python makes it even easier with its amazing support and libraries. Data on the web is unstructured, and python provides an easy way to parse and consume this data and even do further analysis and operations.
#
Data Science (DS) and Machine Learning (ML): DS and ML are the most trendy topics these days. These technologies are the future of computer science. Python is well suited for data manipulation, analysis, and implementing complex algorithms. Data parsing and visualization are usually simple functions or a few lines of code with python libraries like NumPy, scipy, scikit-learn, etc.
#

Five Cool Things You Can Do with Python

https://geekflare.com/you-can-do-with-python/


https://realpython.com/what-can-i-do-with-python/

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples/quadratic-roots

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples/calculator

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples/display-calendar

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples/pyramid-patterns

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples

Thing You Can Do with Python

#Program to make a simple calculator
#
#This function adds two numbers

def add (x, y):

    return x + y
#
#This function subtracts two numbers

def subtract (x, y):

    return x - y
#
#This function multiplies two numbers

def multiply (x, y):

    return x * y
#
#This function divides two numbers

def divide (x, y):

    return x / y
#
print ("Select operation.")

print ("1.Add")

print ("2.Subtract")

print ("3.Multiply")

print ("4.Divide")
#
while True:

    #Take input from the user

    choice = input ("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ")

    #Check if the choice is one of the four options
#
    if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'):

        num1 = float (input("Enter first number: "))

        num2 = float (input("Enter second number: "))
#
        if choice == '1':

            print (num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2))
#
        elif choice == '2':

            print (num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1, num2))
#
        elif choice == '3':

            print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1, num2))
#
        elif choice == '4':
            print (num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2))
        break
#
    else:
        print ("Invalid Input")
#

Python Program to Make a Simple Calculator

#Program to display a calendar of the given month and year

#Importing calendar module
#
import calendar
#
yy = int (input ("Enter year: "))     #Year

mm = int (input ("Enter month: "))     #Month
#
#Display the calendar
#
print (calendar.month(yy, mm))
#

Python Program to Display Calendar

#Creating a pyramid pattern in Python
#
#Specify the number of pyramid rows
#
rows = int (input ("Enter number of rows: ")) 
#
k = 0
#
for i in range (1, rows + 1):

    for space in range (1, (rows-i) + 1):

        print (end="  ")
   
    while k! = (2*i - 1):

        print ("* ", end = "")

        k + = 1
   
    k = 0
    print()


Python Program to Create Pyramid Patterns

The standard form of a quadratic equation is:

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0

The solutions of this quadratic equation is given by:

(-b ± (b^2 - 4 * a * c)^0.5) / (2 * a)

# Source Code

#Solve the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0

#Import complex math module
#
import cmath
#
#Define variables
#
a = float (input ("Enter the value of a: "))

b = float (input ("Enter the value of b: "))

c = float (input ("Enter the value of c: "))
#
#Calculate the discriminant
#
d = (b**2) - (4*a*c)
#
#Solve for the two solutions
#
sol1 = (-b - cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)

sol2 = (-b + cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)
#
print ("The solutions are {0} and {1}".format (sol1, sol2))
#


Python Program to Solve Quadratic Equations

Python libraries are called "modules". They are a reusable chunk of codes that can be included in your programs to provide various functionalities in the form of different objects or functions. For example, there are modules that have functions you can use in your code to test if certain files exist on your hard drive. Likewise,  there are other modules that have functions for implementing web-server or web-browser functionality or to work with images or create charts and graphs; etc.
#
The Python standard library comes with the Python package and installs with it when Python is installed on your computer. 
#
Additionally, there is a growing number of Python's third-party libraries that canbe imported into your scripts to executes tasks that outstrip the limits of the standard library.
#

Eastern Michigan University

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Virtual Environments
- Package Management
- Python and the Web
- Concurrency and Paralellism
- Deep Learning
- Quantum Computing
- GUI Development
- Popular Tools for Python
- Computer Vision (OpenCV)
- Sorting Algorithms
- Image Processing

Python Programming Advanced Topics

- Python 3 Programming Specialization on Coursera. https://www.coursera.org/specializations/python-3-programming
- Python for Everybody on Cousera. https://www.coursera.org/specializations/python
- Python for Everybody MOOC. 
https://www.py4e.com/


Python Learning Resources 

When working on python projects, using "virtual environments" allows for your project to be run using its own isolated python binary. The packages that this project uses also exist separately from the python packages installed locally on one's system. This allows for greater organization while working within projects.

Virtual Environments

Concurrency and parallelism in Python are mainly handled by 2 built-in modules: Threading and multiprocessing. Threading allows Python to make use of multiple threads in order to speed up programs that are I/O dependent. Alternatively, multiprocessing allows Python to use multiple processes to speed up CPU bound scenarios.

Additionally, web servers, databases, and distributed networks also make use of the asyncio module. Asyncio allows for concurrent code so that the aforementioned systems don't have wait on execution

Concurrency and Paralellism in Python

Python is widely used for deep learning  with various reasons.

1. Python offers concise and readable code.

2. To reduce development time, programmers turn to a number of Python frameworks and libraries like kearas, TensorfFlow, and NumPy.

3.  Python is supported by many platforms including Linux, Windows, and macOS.

4. Python is the language that people Google more than any other.


Deep learning with Python

Quantum computing is an emerging field that appears to be more and more difficult to avoid in a vast number of fields including physics, business, mathematics, chemistry, and more notably, data science. One such aspect of quantum computing that attracts the minds of many, especially data scientists, is its potential in advancing our knowledge in optimization problems. As such, it may be invaluable to understand the basics of quantum computing and how to start quantum programming now, even before the widespread availability of quantum computers. Even better, companies like Google, Microsoft, IBM, Rigetti, and more have developed their own open-source development kits to begin learning quantum computing. One such software package is called QuTip within Python.

Quantum Computing with Python

- Anaconda
- Pycharm
- Jupyter Notebook
- Command-Line Interface (CLI)
- pyenv 
- PyInstaller
- pylint

Popular Tools for Python

When developing python applications, you often need to use libraries or packages that aren't included in python's standard library. In order to keep track of the required packages and libraries that your project depends on, you can make use of a package manager to install packages and manage dependencies. Python's documentation officially recommends the use of pipenv, but other package managers exist as well, such as pip and poetry.

Package Management

Python has an assortment of tools that are interwoven with the Internet. The language is frequently used both for web development and for interacting directly with the web.

Python and the Web

Python currently ranks third in usage behind C and Java. The original Python was developed in the 1980s by Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991. Python 2.0 saw release in 2000. The current Python 3.0 was released in 2008 and represented a major revision emphasizing the design philosophy of code readability. 

Python Usage Statistics and History


OpenCV is a very useful tool for image recognition. It is often used in tandem with machine learning libraries, but also allow for relatively simple image manipulation tools such as rotating, resizing and changing data values. 

The child nodes will break into Basic Tools and Advanced Concepts.

Computer Vision with OpenCV

- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Shell Sort
- Radix Sort
- Bitonic Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Quickselect
- Heap Sort

Sorting & Selection Algorithms

Python is the scripting language of ArcGIS. ArcGIS includes a Python API, ArcPy, that gives users access to all geoprocessing tools as well as scripting functions and specialized modules that help them automate GIS tasks. Users can write scripts that use ArcPy in conjunction with a diverse array of functions provided through Python's standard and third-party libraries. They can execute Python commands and scripts with ArcGIS Notebooks, in the Python window, through script tools, or run Python outside of ArcGIS. However Python is run, the commands work the same way and use the same geoprocessing tools.
#

Geoprocessing with Python

Python Libraries

This is a Python port of Google's libphonenumber library It supports Python 2.5-2.7 and Python 3.x (in the same codebase, with no 2to3 conversion needed).
Original Java code is Copyright (C) 2009-2015 The Libphonenumber Authors.
Release HISTORY, derived from upstream release notes.

PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/phonenumbers/

phonenumbers Library

Pillow is a fork of the discontinued Python Imaging Library (PIL) and is the most popular package for image processing. It allows for the creation, editing, and exporting of images, as well as including support for a large number of image file formats. Pillow is not included with a Python installation and must be installed with a package manager such as pip.

Image Processing with Pillow

PyMongo is a Python distribution containing tools for working with MongoDB, and is the recommended way to work with MongoDB from Python. The documentation is referenced below. 

PyMongo Distribution

Python offers many different libraries and frameworks for the development of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Many of these tools can create cross platform GUI applications with varying degrees of customizability. At a base level, these frameworks provide the user the ability to create windows, labels, buttons, and canvases (for drawing things) among other graphical features for their applications.

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