Figure 2.6: Lorenz Curves for Market and Disposable Income in the Netherlands (2020)

Figure 2.5: Flow from Market Income to Disposable Income

A country's government implements a highly progressive tax system, where higher earners pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes, and uses the revenue to fund substantial social welfare programs for lower-income households. If you were to measure economic inequality in this country, how would the distribution of income before these taxes and programs are accounted for compare to the distribution of spendable resources after they are accounted for?

Evaluating Living Standards

Measuring Economic Well-being

An industrial facility releases two pollutants. The first, a chemical spill, contaminates a local river, making it unsafe for a limited number of downstream residents to use for fishing and irrigation. The second, carbon dioxide, is released into the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change. Which statement best analyzes the fundamental difference in the nature of the negative impact from these two pollutants?

Impact of Policy on Income Inequality Measures

Two countries, A and B, have identical distributions of pre-tax, pre-transfer earnings. Country A has a robust system of progressive taxation and social support programs, while Country B has very low taxes and minimal social support. A researcher concludes that the actual living standards are likely more unequal in Country B than in Country A. This conclusion is valid.

Deriving Conditions for an Efficient Allocation

Comparing Household Living Standards

Match each income measure to the analytical scenario where it would be the most relevant primary indicator.

An economist wants to evaluate how effectively a country's tax and social benefit system reduces economic inequality. Which of the following analytical approaches would be most appropriate for this purpose?

Figure 5.27: Market Income and Disposable Income