The biological effects of maltreatment provide useful information that can be put into practice. Self-reporting instruments are used to study the changes in moods, emotions, and behaviors during psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment. Sleep can also be measured by using bio-markers like actographs, which are noninstrusive digital monitoring devices that can be placed on the wrist and assess a person’s daily activity, sleep schedule and sleep regulation. Further bio-markers that can be used to monitor and adjust treatment, and help avoid biological effects of trauma are monitoring measures of heart rate, body mass index, and post-trauma and follow-up salivary cortisol and amylase concentrations. These measures predict PTSD, and decreasing these levels during treatment may predict remission.