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An APA-style bar graph can effectively present the results of an experiment by comparing mean scores across categorical conditions, such as in the research by Ollendick and colleagues. In such graphs, error bars are typically added to the top of each main bar, extending one standard error upward and downward. This visual addition allows readers to observe the variability within each group and visually estimate whether the differences between the group means are statistically significant.

Example of an APA-Style Bar Graph

In an APA-style bar graph, error bars are typically added to the top of each main bar, extending one ________ upward and downward to help readers observe the variability within each group.

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