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Double-blind peer review is an evaluation process used by most professional journals to ensure research meets basic field standards before entering the published literature. In this system, researchers submit a manuscript to an editor, who forwards it to expert reviewers; the process is 'double-blind' because the identities of both the researchers and the reviewers are kept strictly concealed from one another. Reviewers provide critical feedback and publication recommendations, which the editor uses to accept, reject, or request revisions for the manuscript.

Double-Blind Peer Review

Open peer review is a transparent evaluation process utilized by some newer open access journals to increase accountability in scientific publishing. Unlike the traditional double-blind method, in an open peer review process, the identities of the reviewers are published alongside the accepted journal article, although their identities remain concealed from the authors during the actual review phase.

Open Peer Review

In ____ peer review, the identities of both the manuscript authors and the reviewers are concealed from one another to help ensure unbiased evaluation before publication.

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