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A practical example of a one-group posttest only design is measuring elementary school students' attitudes toward illegal drugs immediately after they complete an anti-drug education program, without any prior measurement or control group. Another common example involves media reports, such as an advertiser claiming that $$80\%$$ of women noticed brighter skin after using a specific cleanser for a month. In both cases, the lack of a comparison group makes it impossible to draw meaningful conclusions about the actual effectiveness of the treatment.

Examples of One-Group Posttest Only Designs

In practical examples of one-group posttest only designs, such as measuring students' attitudes toward illegal drugs immediately after an anti-drug education program, what prevents researchers from drawing meaningful conclusions about the program's actual effectiveness?

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