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An example of non-experimental research involves observing a busy intersection to record drivers' genders and whether they are using a cell phone. By measuring these variables as they naturally occur without any manipulation, researchers can describe relationships—such as whether men or women are more likely to use a phone while driving—and make predictions. However, because there is no experimental manipulation, they cannot establish a causal link between gender and cell phone usage.

Example of Non-Experimental Research: Intersection Observation

In the example of non-experimental research involving the observation of a busy intersection, what conclusion are researchers UNABLE to draw about drivers' genders and cell phone usage?

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