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To compute the $$t$$ statistic for an independent-samples $$t$$-test, researchers use the formula: $$t = \frac{M_1 - M_2}{\sqrt{\frac{SD_1^2}{n_1} + \frac{SD_2^2}{n_2}}}$$. In this equation, $$M_1$$ and $$M_2$$ represent the means of the two separate groups. The denominator requires squaring the standard deviations ($$SD_1$$ and $$SD_2$$) of each group to determine their variances, and then dividing each variance by its respective group sample size ($$n_1$$ and $$n_2$$). It is important to note that lowercase $$n$$ denotes the number of participants in a specific condition, whereas uppercase $$N$$ typically refers to the total combined sample size.

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