In clinical settings, indirect immunofluorescence is used to identify *Treponema pallidum*. A primary, unstained antibody attaches directly to the surface of the pathogen, while secondary antibodies tagged with a fluorescent stain attach to the primary antibody. Because multiple secondary antibodies can bind to each primary antibody, the amount of stain attached to each cell is amplified, making the spirochetes easier to spot.

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Because *Treponema pallidum* has not been successfully cultured in the laboratory on an artificial medium, diagnosing syphilis relies on successful identification through specialized microscopic techniques and serology.

*Treponema pallidum* Diagnostic Observation

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Serology is the diagnostic analysis of body fluids, often looking for the presence of specific antibodies to a pathogen.

Serology

Darkfield microscopy is typically used for observing live *Treponema pallidum* specimens and viewing their movements. This microscopic approach is preferred because traditional fixation and staining techniques would kill the cells, preventing the observation of live behavior.

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