Good visualizations use graphics to organize information, highlight important information, allow for visual comparisons, and reveal patterns, trends, and outliers in the data. Some principles include:
-	Preattentiveness
-	Visual components that are useful for making quantitative comparisons. Graphical vocabulary consisting of marks (points, lines, areas), retinal variables (color, size, shape, orientation, scale), and position (relative locations of marks within a spatial field).
-	Gestalt principles (proximity) 

Principles of Information Visualization

- Brushing and linking
- Movie camera-style interaction
- Judicious use of animation 
- Distortion-based techniques 
- Sparklines

Techniques for interactive visualization 

Since the human perceptual system is highly attuned to image, incorporating visual information into the display using techniques from the field of information visualization would be helpful to the search process, which makes the communication more rapidly and effectively.

Indiana University

San Jose State University

University of California, Davis

A search interface is a type of graphical user interface that helps a user retrieve information.

Search Interfaces

Hearst, M. A. (2009). Search user interfaces. Cambridge University Press. [https://searchuserinterfaces.com/book/]

Search User Interfaces

- Offer informative feedback
- Support user control
- Reduce short-term memory load
- Provide shortcuts for skilled users
- Reduce errors; offer simple error handling
- Strive for consistency
- Permit easy reversal of actions
- Design for closure

Design Guidelines for User Interfaces

Search interfaces are evaluated based on usability:
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Satisfaction

Evaluation of Search Interfaces

To design successful interfaces, it is necessary to understand the information-seeking process and strategies that people engage in when they are searching for information. Here are a few of the major theoretical models of information seeking:
- The Standard Model of Information Seeking
- The Cognitive Model of Information Seeking
- The Dynamic (Berry-Picking) Model
- Information seeking in stages
- Information seeking as a strategic process
- Sensemaking

Models of the Information Seeking Process

Personalization in search means that search results should take into account the reality that people's demands, goals, and tastes differ.

Personalization in Search

Using categories to sort, filter, and group search results, table-of-contents views, faceted navigation and search, and clustering are all covered in Integrating Navigation with Search, which concludes with the benefits of categories vs. clusters in search and browsing interfaces.

Integrating Navigation with Search

It is important to understand user's search needs and queries to support their complex information-seeking tasks.

Supporting the Search Process

Presentation of search results is an important part of search interfaces. Empirical research has provided support for several common ways of presenting search results.

Presentation of Search Results

Information Visualization for Search Interface

Users often go through a cycle of query reformulation, which means they start with an initial query, make changes to the query if they do not find the desired information, and repeat this cycle until users are satisfied. 

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