Personalization based on information expressly supplied by users is covered in this section, which includes Website customisation, manual profile construction, profile creation via explicit relevance judgments, and collaborative filtering.

Personalization Based on Explicit Preferences

Personalization strategies that utilize the information implicit in users' activities as they go about their information-seeking tasks are addressed in this section.

Personalization based on Implicit Relevance Cues

Personal information assistants (agents) are described in this section, which engage the user more interactively and mix explicit and implicit relevant information.

Combining Explicit and Implicit Info

Desktop search is sometimes used to describe personal information search, however because personal information is spread across multiple workstations and services, the phrase personal information management is more generally used today to describe this broader scope of use.

Searching Over Personal Information

- Can be predicted by consumers’ need for uniqueness (CNFU) 
- People with more creative choice are more likely to pay attention to WPA

Web-based personalized advertising (WPA)

Personalization in search means that search results should take into account the reality that people's demands, goals, and tastes differ.

Indiana University

A search interface is a type of graphical user interface that helps a user retrieve information.

Search Interfaces

Hearst, M. A. (2009). Search user interfaces. Cambridge University Press. [https://searchuserinterfaces.com/book/]

Search User Interfaces

- Offer informative feedback
- Support user control
- Reduce short-term memory load
- Provide shortcuts for skilled users
- Reduce errors; offer simple error handling
- Strive for consistency
- Permit easy reversal of actions
- Design for closure

Design Guidelines for User Interfaces

Search interfaces are evaluated based on usability:
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency
- Satisfaction

Evaluation of Search Interfaces

To design successful interfaces, it is necessary to understand the information-seeking process and strategies that people engage in when they are searching for information. Here are a few of the major theoretical models of information seeking:
- The Standard Model of Information Seeking
- The Cognitive Model of Information Seeking
- The Dynamic (Berry-Picking) Model
- Information seeking in stages
- Information seeking as a strategic process
- Sensemaking

Models of the Information Seeking Process

Personalization in Search

Using categories to sort, filter, and group search results, table-of-contents views, faceted navigation and search, and clustering are all covered in Integrating Navigation with Search, which concludes with the benefits of categories vs. clusters in search and browsing interfaces.

Integrating Navigation with Search

It is important to understand user's search needs and queries to support their complex information-seeking tasks.

Supporting the Search Process

Presentation of search results is an important part of search interfaces. Empirical research has provided support for several common ways of presenting search results.

Presentation of Search Results

Since the human perceptual system is highly attuned to image, incorporating visual information into the display using techniques from the field of information visualization would be helpful to the search process, which makes the communication more rapidly and effectively.

Information Visualization for Search Interface

Users often go through a cycle of query reformulation, which means they start with an initial query, make changes to the query if they do not find the desired information, and repeat this cycle until users are satisfied. 

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