The IC relates emotion to physiological experiences. In other words, it helps the conscious brain ascribe specific bodily states to certain emotions. Such as a hug to pleasure and/or comfort. 

University of Toledo

- Anterior Cingulate Cortex
- Insular Cortex
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Amygdala

Areas of the Brain Responsible for Mindfulness

 Spinal Cord, Inc. (2020, December 3). Insular cortex. SpinalCord.com. https://www.spinalcord.com/insular-cortex. 

Insular Cortex Reference

The ACC is involved in emotion-related learning, autonomic regulation, and emotion assessment. In other words, it helps in establishing: empathy, emotion, decision making, and impulse. 

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

Insular Cortex (IC)

The amygdala is a key brain structure that plays a central role in processing and relaying emotional information, making it a major focus of research into the biological basis of emotions like fear and anxiety. It is composed of various subnuclei and has a crucial role in memory, influencing how memories are stored—a process affected by stress hormones—and is involved in memory consolidation, the transfer of new learning into long-term memory. This is facilitated by enabling a deeper level of memory encoding for emotionally arousing events.

Amygdala

A part of the frontal lobe that is responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning and focuses on "in the moment" or rash behavior (decision-making, problem solving, and so on). This area is also responsible for the development of personality. The PFC has a handful of (not universally agreed upon) subdivisions:

- Dorsomedial
- Dorsolateral
- Ventromedial
- Ventrolateral
- Orbitofrontal

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