Concept

Intellect, Sight, and the Wilderness of Bewilderment in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Chapter 9, Poem 39)

In this poem from the 'Mokhtar Nameh', Attar describes the inevitability of entering the wilderness of bewilderment ('tih-e tahayyur') as long as one relies on human intellect ('aql') and sensory sight ('basar'). In this spiritual state, any worldly sweetness or pleasure (symbolized by sugar) is transformed into intense inner suffering (represented by the blood of the liver).

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Updated 2026-07-04

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course