ARPAbet is a conceptually simple phonetic alphabet that represents an American-English subset of the IPA using ASCII symbols. Many of the IPA and ARPAbet symbols are equivalent to familiar Roman letters.

ARPAbet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the ever-developing standard phonetic representation for transcribing the world's languages. It was first developed in 1888.

Columbia University

Phonetics is the field of study in which speech sounds from world languages are studied - how they are created in a vocal tract, how they materialize in an acoustic sense, and how they can be relayed or processed digitally. 

Phonetics

An on-going but a helpful book resource about NLP
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/

Speech and Language Processing (3rd ed. draft) 

A phone is a speech sound which is typified by adapted symbols from the Roman alphabet. Any word's pronunciation can be represented as a string of phones.

Phones (phonetics)

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Prosody is the study of rhythm and intonation in language through F0 (fundamental frequency), energy, and duration of utterances. 

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