Saint Olaf College

According to the International Neuromodulation Society, neuromodulation is a "technology that acts directly upon nerves" to alter or modulate nerve activity by "delivering electrical or pharmaceutical agents directly to the target areas. 

Neuromodulation methods can be invasive or non-invasive, as well as electrical, magnetic, or chemical. Some of these methods involve:

- Invasive Electrical Methods

- Non-invasive Electrical Methods 

- Non-invasive Magnetic Methods 

- Invasive Chemical Methods

Neuromodulation 

Sofatzis, T. (n.d.). About neuromodulation. International Neuromodulation Society. https://www.neuromodulation.com/about-neuromodulation 

About Neuromodulation 

- Spinal Cord Stimulation 

- Deep Brain Stimulation 

- Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) 

- Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) 

- Auditory Brainstem Implant

Invasive Electrical Methods

- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS or rTMS)

- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) 

- Transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields (tPEMF)


Non-Invasive Magnetic Methods

- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

 - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

 - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)


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