Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive electrical neuromodulation technique that is used as potential treatment for neurological disorders. These disorders include depression, strokes, epilepsy, and Parkinson's. 

Two electrodes (anodes and cathodes) are placed on the scalp to produce an electric current. Anodal tDCS excites the target region, whereas cathodal tDCS decreases excitability which produces a type of polarity. 

Although some research shows that tDCS is effective in certain treatments, other research also indicates wide variability. 

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

 - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

 - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)


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According to the International Neuromodulation Society, neuromodulation is a "technology that acts directly upon nerves" to alter or modulate nerve activity by "delivering electrical or pharmaceutical agents directly to the target areas. 

Neuromodulation methods can be invasive or non-invasive, as well as electrical, magnetic, or chemical. Some of these methods involve:

- Invasive Electrical Methods

- Non-invasive Electrical Methods 

- Non-invasive Magnetic Methods 

- Invasive Chemical Methods

Neuromodulation 

Sofatzis, T. (n.d.). About neuromodulation. International Neuromodulation Society. https://www.neuromodulation.com/about-neuromodulation 

About Neuromodulation 

- Spinal Cord Stimulation 

- Deep Brain Stimulation 

- Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) 

- Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) 

- Auditory Brainstem Implant

Invasive Electrical Methods

- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS or rTMS)

- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) 

- Transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields (tPEMF)


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