Concept

Jami's Aesthetic of Effortlessness: Hafez as Lisan al-Ghayb versus Kamal Khojandi's Affectation

In Section 26 of the Baharestan's seventh garden, Jami evaluates three poets by a single criterion: the presence or absence of visible effort (takalluf) in their verse.

  • Hafez Shirazi: His ghazals are graceful and pleasing, some bordering on the miraculous. Jami ranks Hafez's ghazals among other ghazals as Zahir Faryabi's qasidas rank among other qasidas — supreme in fluency (salasat) and smoothness. Because no trace of affectation appears in his poetry, he was given the title Lisan al-Ghayb (Tongue of the Unseen). Jami adds that his poetic taste is close to that of Nazari Qohestani.
  • Nazari Qohestani: Akin to Hafez in taste, yet his verse contains much that is uneven — 'lean and fat' (ghath va samin) — unlike Hafez's consistent quality.
  • Shaykh Kamal Khojandi: Unmatched in subtlety of expression and precision of meaning, but his excessive elaboration (mubalagha) pushed his poetry past the bound of fluency and left it empty of the flavor of love.

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Updated 2026-07-20

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Persian Literature Prerequisite Course