Another criticism leveled by researchers at the framework resulted when studies showed that memory performance is not solely determined by methods of encoding, and suggested the most important relation may instead be that between process of encoding and what hints are available when retrieval of the information is required. Tulving and Thomson’s “encoding specificity principle,” which identifies the connection between memory traces and hints during retrieval as the essential element, and Morris, Bransford and Franks’ “transfer appropriate processing” theory, which suggests the encoding method must be related to the conditions of retrieval, fall into this category, and studies have supported these alternative explanations (p. 118). Additionally, some research has shown the context of a situation, including geographical, emotional, and mental contexts, can promote retrieval of memories in similar contexts (p. 119).